List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States — BrandWiki
BrandWiki / List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States This is a list of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States. They were discontinued for various reasons, such as bankruptcy of the parent company, mergers, or being phased out.
A 'Blue & Gold, Red John, model [1] Moved to Cleveland and renamed to 'Abbott' in 1917. [2] Renamed to 'Zehr' after departure of S. Abeln in 1912. [3] tzero model Ace model 'Adams-Farwell' model Airscoot model Based in Seattle Based in New York City Sampson model Also known as Aldo Based in Ohio [6] Based in Philadelphia [7] 'Aluminum' model [9] Jonz and American models. Based in Indiana. Populaire model Based in New York Renamed to 'American Bantam' in 1935 [10] Based in Michigan Based in Chicago Also known as Alco Juvenile model Junior model Also known as AMC Balanced Six model. Based in New Jersey Amco model. Based in New York Renamed to Amplex in 1910 Based in Massachusetts Based in Illinois Car-Nation models Renamed to 'Ames Body Corporation' in 1915 [10] [16] Also known as A.E.C. Fuller model Built in St. Louis by the beer company Based in Saginaw, Michigan. Based in Jackson, Michigan. Based in Pittsburgh Based in Massachusetts. Renamed to 'Atlas-Knight' in 1912. Based in Indiana Formerly 'Aurora Carriage Top Company' King-Remick model
A Automobile Company (1910–1913) Apex Motor Car Company (1920–1922) Acme Motor Car Company (1903–1911) Adams Company (1905–1912) Anger Engineering Company (1913–1915) [4] (also known as A.E.C. , but not the same company as the British A.E.C.) Aerocar Company (1905–1908) Aerocar International (1946–1987) Aircraft Products (1947) Ajax Motor Vehicle Company (1901–1903) Albaugh-Dover Co. (1910–1911) Alpena Motor Company (1910–1914) [8] Alter Motor Car Company (1914–1917) Altham (1896–1899) Alcoa (1920–1922) Amalgamated Machinery Corp (1917–1919) Ambassador (1921–1925) [10] [11] American Automobile Manufacturing Company (1911–1912) [10] American Automobile and Power Company (1904–1905) American Cyclecar Co. (1914) [10] American Austin (1929–1941) American Beauty (1918–1920) [12] American Electric (1913–1914) American Metal Wheel & Auto Co (1907) American Motors (1954–1987) American Motors Incorporated (1917–1922) American Voiturette (1913–1914) [3] Anheuser-Busch (1905) [22] Ariel Company (1905–1907) Aristos [10] Armstrong Electric (1885–1902) Arnolt, S.H. Inc. (1953–1954) [5] Artzberger (1904) [25] Atlas Automobile Co. (1906–1907) Atlas Motor Car Co. (1907–1913) Auburn Automobile Co. (1900–1936) Aurora Automatic Machinery Co. (1907–1909) [26] Austen [10] Austin Automobile Company (1901–1921) [10] Auto-Bug (1909–1910) [10] Auto Cub (1956) Auto Cycle (1906–1907) [10] Auto Dynamic (1900–1902) [10] Auto Tricar (1914) [10] Auto Vehicle [10] Avanti Motor Co. (1963–2007) Avery Company (1891–1928) Tractor, truck and car manufacturer B Based in Wisconsin Based in Cleveland Distinct from American Bantam Hudson model Based in Pennsylvania Based in Cleveland Based in Cleveland Gyroscope model, based in Michigan. Distinct from the British brand Smith Flyer model Based in Cleveland Based in Indiana Based in Chicago Cannon model
Babcock, H.H. Company (1909–1913) [10] H.H. Babcock Company Babcock Electric Carriage Co. (1906–1912) Baby Moose (1914) Bachelle Electric (1900–1903) [10] C Distinct from Carrol Based in Wisconsin Based in Chicago 'Tourist' model Renamed to 'Century Electric Car Company' in 1915 Renamed to Chalmers in 1911 Apollo model Lenawee model Clarkmobile model Built in Cleveland Based in Missouri Based in Denver Based in Indianapolis Based in New York Distinct from 'Columbia Electric' Based in Ohio Based in Illinois Based in Ohio Based in Minneapolis and Chicago Gas-au-lec model Distinct from the Nash Cosmopolitan 'Clermont' model Renamed to Crane-Simplex in 1915 Renamed to 'Crowther-Duryea' in 1917 Renamed to 'Croxton' in 1911 Renamed to Cutting Motor Car Company in 1911; defunct c. 1912; last model year 1913.
C-A-C (1914–1915) Cady Automobile Company (1899) D Detroit Air-Cooled Car Company (1922–1923) Dagmar (1922–1927) Dale (1974) Daniels (1916–1924) [62] Dan Patch (1910–1911) [63] Darby Motor Car Company (1909–1910) [64] Darling (1901–1902) [65] E 'Compound' model 'Wayne' model
Eagle (1905–1909) [65] Eagle (1988–1998) Eagle Cycle Car (1914–1918) Eagle Electric (1915–1916) [36] Eagle Rotary (1914–1915; Eagle-Macomber 1916–1918) [36] [83] [84] [85] F Also known as F.A.L. Unrelated to Ford Falcon Unrelated to Fenton Headers Based in Michigan 'Flanders Six' model Manufactured as the Jewell beginning in 1906. Organized in Cleveland, Ohio, & named for the city nickname . [103] New York company, one of two of the same name, organized by Clarence Forth. No cars built. [104] Mansfield, Ohio, company, one of two of the same name, organized by Clarence Forth. Only one prototype car assembled; went bankrupt late 1911. [105] Organized in New Kensington, Pennsylvania; moved to Pittsburgh 1911. Always known as the Pittsburgh Six [106] Based in Wisconsin
G Gabriel (1910–1920) [110] Gabriel Auto Company Gadabout (1914–1916) Gaeth (1902–1911) Gage (1914–1915) Union Car Company Gale (1905–1907) [111] Galloway (1906–1920) [112] William Galloway Company Gardner (1920–1931) H Renamed to Hammer Motor Company for 1905–1906 Xenia model
Haase (1902–1904) Hackett Motor Car Company (1916–1919) H.A.L. (1916–1918) [2] Hall (1903–1904) [92] Hall (1914–1915) Halladay (1905–1922) [122] Hamilton (1917) [92] I 'Economy' model
Ideal Electric Co. (1909-c1911) Illinois Electric (1897–1901) [140] Imp (1913–1914) [92] Imperial Motor Car Company (1907–1908) Imperial Automobile Company (1908–1916) [92] [141] Imperial (1955–1975, 1981–1983) Imperial Electric (1903–1904) N Also known as Neustadt. Allen Kingston model 'Haase' and Logan models
R Also known as Raulang. Also known as Zebra Motors Inc. Steamobile model 'Tourist' model
Railsbach (1914) [59] Rainier (1905–1911) [59] Raleigh (1921–1922) [59] Rambler (1900–1914) Rambler (1958–1969) Randall (1902–1903) [59] S 'Kerosine Carriage' model Standard Steam Car model 'Arrow' model 'Fawick Flyer' model 'Silver' model Renamed to Great Smith for 1907–1911 Also known as S&M Simplex 'Dixie Junior' and 'Dixie Tourist' models. Steam cars Also known as Standard Electric Became Stearns-Knight for 1912–1929. Renamed to Stearns Steamer for 1901–1903 Originally called Erie Motor Carriage Co. Halladay model. Also known as S.R.K.
T Steam cars Empire Steamer model Steam cars Also known as Tri-Motor
U Electric cars
US Automobile (1899–1901) Union (1902–1905) Union Sales Company (1911–1912) [270] United (1919–1920) [3] United States (1899–1903) [3] United States Long Distance [3] Unito (1908–1910) V Also known as V.E.C. Electric Previously Overman Steam (1895–1898) 'Steamer' model
Van (1911–1912) [3] Van Wagoner (1899–1903) Vaughn (1909) [3] V.E. (1901–1906) [121] [3] W 'Orient' model Arrow Cyclecar model Renamed to Woods Dual Power for 1917–1918
Sources Automobile Quarterly (eds.). The American Car Since 1775. Kutztown, PA: Automobile Quarterly, Inc., 1971. ISBN 0-525-05300-X Bird, Anthony and Douglas-Scott Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward: Steam Cars, 1770–1970, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-304-93707-X: ISBN 978-0-304-93707-3 Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books, 1950. Clymer, Floyd and Gahagan, Harry W.: Floyd Clymer's Steam Car Scrapbook, Literary Licensing, LLC, 2012. ISBN 1-258-42699-4; ISBN 978-1-258-42699-6 Georgano, Nick (Ed.). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000. ISBN 1-57958-293-1 Evans, Richard J.: Steam Cars (Shire Album), Shire Publications Ltd (booklet) 1985. ISBN 0-85263-774-8; ISBN 978-0-85263-774-6 Headfield, John: American Steam-Car Pioneers: A Scrapbook (1st edition). Newcomen Society in North, 1984. ISBN 9994065904; ISBN 978-9994065905 Kirsch, David A.: The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick NJ and London, 2000. ISBN 0-8135-2809-7 Anger Engineering Company (1912–1915) [21]
Ardsley Motor Car Co. (1905–1906)
Argo Electric Vehicle Co. (1912–1916) Automobile Fore Carriage (1900) [27] Automobile Voiturette [10] Automotor (1901–1904) [10]
Autoparts Manufacturing Co. (1910) Bacon (1901, 1919–1920) [10] Bacon (Automobilhersteller) Bailey (1907–1910) [10] Bailey Automobile Company Baker Electric (1899–1916) [29] Balboa (1924–1925) [10] Baldner (1900–1903) [10] Baldwin (1899–1901) [10] Ball Steam (1868, 1902) [10] Balzer (1894–1900) Banker (1905) [10] Bantam (1914) [12] Barbarino (1923–1925) [10] Barley Motor Car Co. (1916–1929) Barrows Electric (1895–1899) [30] Bates Automobile Company (1904–1905) Bauer (1914–1916) [10] Bay State (1907–1908) [10] Bean-Chamberlain Manufacturing Co. (1901–1902) Beardsley (1914–1917) [10] Beechcraft (1946) [5] Beggs (1919–1923) [10] [31] Belden (1907–1911) [10] Bell Motor Car Company (1916–1922) [32] Benner (1909) [10] Berg (1903–1905) [2] Blood Brothers Auto and Machine Company (1902–1906) BMC (1952) [5] Boardman (1946) [5] Bobbi-Kar (1945–1947) [5] Boisselot (1901) [10] Borbein Electric (1900, 1904–1909) [10] Borland Electric (1910–1916) [10] Boss Steam Car (1897–1909) [35] Boston-Amesbury (1902–1903) [10] Boston High Wheel (1907) [10] Bour-Davis Co. (1915–1922) Bournonville [10] Bowman Motor Car Company (1921–1922) [10] Bramwell (1904–1905) [10] Bramwell-Robinson (1899–1902) [10] Brasie (1914–1916) [10] Brazier (1902–1903) [10] Brecht (1901–1903) [35] Brennan (1902–1908) [10] Brew-Hatcher (1904–1905) Brewster & Co. (1915–1925, 1934–1937) Briggs and Stratton (1919–1923) [10] Burdick (1909) [36] Burg (1910–1913) [36] Burns (1908–1912) [36] Burrows (1914–1915) Burtt Manufacturing Co. (1902–1906) [10] Bush (1916–1924) B-Z-T Car Company (1924–1915) California (1900–1902, 1910) [40]
Caloric (1903–1904) Camelot Motors (1981) [39]
Cannon (1902–1906) Cantono Electric (1904–1907) [36]
Carbon Motors Corporation (2003–2013) Centaur (1902–1903) [36] Central (1905–1906) [36] Century (1900–1903) [36] Century Steamer (1906) [35] Chadwick Engineering Works (1904–1916, 1960) [36] Chalfant (1905–1912) [36] Chalmers-Detroit (1908–1914) Champion (1916) [36] Chandler (1913–1929) Chapman Electric (1899–1901) [36] Charles Abresch Company (1899–circa 1965) Chase (1907–1912) [36] Checker Motors Corporation (1922–1982) Chelsea (1914) [36] Chicago (1902) [45] Chicago Electric (1899–1901) [36] Chicago Motor Buggy (1908) Chicago Recording Scale Co (1906–1907) Chicago Steam Car (1905–1907) [36] Chief (1908) [12] Christie (1904–1910) [36] Christman (1901–1905, 1907) [36] Church-Field (1912–1913) Church Manufacturing Co (1903–1904) Cincinnati Steamer (1903–1904) [35] CinO (1910–1913) [36] Citicar (1974–1976) Clark (1901) [35] Clark Electric (1903–1905) [36] Clark & Company (1903–1904) [46] Classic (1916–1917, 1920) [36] Cleburne [36] Clénet Coachworks (1975–1980) Clermont [35] Cleveland (1902–1904) [2] Cleveland (1905–1909) Cleveland (1914) [2] Cleveland (1919–1926) [2] Climber (1919–1924) [47] Clinton E. Woods Electric (1897–1901) [48] Clipper (1956) [49] [50] Clough Steamer (1869) [48] Cloughley (1896–1903) [36] Club Car (1910–1911) [36] Clyde Special [36] Clymer (1908) [38] Colonial Motors Corporation (1921–1922) [36] Colonial Electric Car Company (1912) Colt (1907) [53] Columbus Buggy Company (1907–1908) [36] Columbus Electric (1903–1915) [54] Comet (1946–1951) [5] Commerce (1907–1908) [36] Commercial Motor Truck Company [55] Commodore Motors Corporation (1921–1922) [36] Commonwealth (1917–1922) [36] Commuter Cars (1998) Comuta-Car (1979–1982) [56] (See its predecessor, the Citicar ) Conrad (1900–1903) [35] Continental (1907–1908) Continental (1914) [57] Cosmopolitan (1907–1910) [36] Cotta Steam (1901–1903) [35] Country Club (1903–1904) [36] Courier (1904–1905) Courier (1909–1911) [36] Courier Car Co (1912) Covert (1902–1907) Coyote Special (1909–1910) C.R. Patterson and Sons (1915–1939), maker of the Patterson-Greenfield automobile and later buses and trucks. [59] Craig-Toledo (1907) [36] Crane (1912–1920) [36] Crane & Breed (1912–1917) Crawford (1904–1923) Crescent (1913–1914) [36] Crestmobile (1901–1905) Cricket Cyclecar Company (1913–1914) Criterion [36] Crompton (1902–1905) [35] Crosley (1939–1952) Crouch (1894–1900) [35] Crow-Elkhart (1911–1923) [60] Crowdus Electric (1899–1902) [36] Crown (1905–1907) [36] Crowther (1915–1917) [36] Croxton-Keeton (1909–1914) [61] Cruiser (1917–1919) [36] Culver (1905) [36] Cunningham (1907–1936) [36] Cunningham Sports Cars (1951–1955) [5] Clark-Carter Automobile Co (1909–1913) Darrin (1946, 1955–1958) [5]
Davis (1908–1929)
Davis Cyclecar Company (1914) Davis Steam Car (1921) [66]
Davis Totem (1921–1922) Dawson Auto-Mobile (1899–1901) [67]
Dayton (1914)
Dayton Cyclecar (1914) Dayton Cyclecar Deere-Clark (1906; Deere 1907) [72] Deering Magnetic (1918–1919) [36]
Defiance Motor Truck (1915–1920)/>
DeLorean Motor Company (1975–1982) De Mars Electric (1905–1906; Blakeslee Electric 1906; Williams Electric 1906–1907; Byrider Electric 1907–1910) [2]
De Motte (1904)
Des Moines (1902) De Soto Motor Car Company (1913–1914) [74] De Tamble (1908–1913) [36] Detroit Automobile Manufacturing Company (1905) [59]
Detroit Auto Vehicle Company (1904–1908) Detroiter (1912–1917) [36]
Detroit Steam Motors Corporation (1922)
De Vaux-Hall Motors Company (1931–1932; Continental-De Vaux 1932)
De Vaux Continental (1932–1934)
DeWitt (1909–1910) Dey Electric (1917–1919) [36] Dey Griswold (1895–1898) [76]
Diamond T (1905–1967)
Diana (1925–1928)
Dingfelder Motor Company (1903)
Dodge (A.M.) Company (1914–1915)
Dodgeson Motors (1926)
Dolson (J.L.) & Sons (1904–1907)
Dorris Motors Corporation (1906–1926)
Dort Motor Car Company (1915–1924)
Dragon Automobile Company (1906–1908) Driggs-Seabury (1915; Driggs 1921–1923) [36]
Durant Motors (1921–1931)
Duryea (1893–1917) First American automobile manufacturer Dyke (or St Louis) (1899–1901; Dyke-Britton 1904) [81] Earl Motors Incorporated (1907–1908) [86] Eaton Electric (1898–1900) [88] Eclipse Steam (1900–1903) [35] Economy (1916–1919; Economy-Vogue 1920; Vogue 1921–1922) [36] Eddy Electric (1900–1901) [36] Edwards-Knight (1912–1913) [36] E.H.V. (see Compound ) [36] Eichstaedt (1898–1902) [36]
Eisenhuth (1904–1908) Elberg [89] Elberon ( Columbia model) [35] Elbert (1914–1915) [36] Elcar (1915–1931) Elco (1915–1917) [90] Eldredge (1903–1906) Electra (1914–1915) [36] Electric Vehicle (1897–1907) Electronomic [36] Elgin (1916–1924) [36] Elite [91] Elite (1901–1902) [35] Elkhart (see Crow-Elkhart or Komet ) [92] Elliott (1897–1899) [92] Ellis [92] Ellsworth (1907) [92] Elmore (1893–1912) El Morocco (1956–1957) [5] Emancipator (1909) [92] Emerson (1917) [93] E-M-F (1909–1912) [92] Empire (1901–1902) Empire (1910–1919) Empire Steam Car (1925–1927) Empire Steamer (1899–1902) Empire Steamer (1904) Endurance Steam Car (1922–1924) Enger (1909–1917) [94] Engler (W.B.) Cyclecar Company (1914–1915) Entz (1914) [92] Erie (1899–1902) [95] Erskine (1927–1930) [92] Eshelman (1953–1961) Essex (1906) [35] Essex Motor Company (1919–1932) Etnyre (1910–1911) Euclid (1908) [2] Eureka (1900) Eureka (1907–1909) Evansville [92] Everitt (1909–1912) Everybody's (1907–1909) [92] Ewing (1908–1910) [96] Excalibur (1965–1997) Excel (1914) Falcon Engineering Company (1907–1909) [92] Flanders 20 (1910–1912) [92] Flanders Manufacturing Company (1912–1914) [102] Flanders (1913) Forsyth (circa 1896) Franklin, Minnesota; only a prototype built. [103] Forth (1905) Fort Pitt [92] (1908–1910, 1911) Foster (1889,1901–1904) [35] Fostoria (1906–1907) [92] Fournier-Searchmont [107] Fox (1921–1923) [92] Franklin (1902–1934) Frayer-Miller (1904–1910) [92] Frazer (1946–1951) Frederickson (1914) [92] Fredonia (1902–1904) Fremont (1920–1922) [92] Friedman Automobile Company (1900–1903) [108] Friend Motors Corporation (1920–1921) Fritchle Electric (1905–1920) [92] Frontenac (1906–1913) Frontenac Motor Corporation (1921–1925) [92] Frontmobile (1917–1918) [92] F.R.P. (1914–1916) [92] F.S. (1911–1912) [92] [109] Fuller (1908–1910) [92] F.W.D. (1910–1912) [43] Garford (1908, 1911–1913) [92] Superior Coach Company
Gary (1909) Gary Taxicab Company
Gary Automobile Manufacturing Company (1914) Gary Automobile Manufacturing Company
Gasmobile (1899–1902)
Gatsby Coachworks (1979–1998) Gatsby Coachworks
Gatts (1905) Gatts
Gaylord (1955–1956)
Gearhart (1911–1912) Southern Motor Sales Company Gearless (1906–1909) [113] Gearless Motor Car Company Gearless Steamer (1919–1923) [35] Gearless Motor Corporation
Gem Motor Car Company (1917–1919)
GEM (1992–2022) General Electric (1891–1898, 1902–1903) [114] General Electric (1898–1900) [115] German-American (1902–1903) [92]
Gillig (1890) Glasspar (1949–1953) [117] Globe Four (1921–1922) [2]
Graham-Paige (1928–1930; Graham 1930–1941) Graves & Condon (1908–1910)) [92]
Gray Motor Corporation (1922–1926)
Gray Light Car (1920)
Great Southern (1910–1914) Great Western (1910–1916) [38]
Greenleaf Cycle Company (1902)
GreenTech Automotive (2009–2018) Greyhound (1914–1916) [12] Hamlin-Holmes (1919–1929; Hamlin 1930) [92]
Hammer-Sommer (1902–1906) Independent Harvester (1910–1911) [92] International (1899) [143] International (1900) [144] International Cyclecar Company (1914) [36] International Motor Cars ( Apollo ; 1962–1964) International Power Company (1900) [143] International (1901–1903) [145] International Cyclecar Company (1914) [146] International Harvester (1907–1980) Inter-State (1909–1919) [92] Iroquois (1903–1907) [22]
Jersey City Machine Co. (1919–1920) Kauffman (1909–1912) [149] Kelsey (1897–1902, 1920–1924) [154] Kensington (1899–1904) [35] Kenworthy (1920–1921) [149]
Kessler Motor Company (1920–1921; Kess-Line 8 1922)
Keystone (1914–1915) Kiblinger (1907–1909) [149] Kimball Electric (1910–1912) [149] Kissel (1906–1930) Kleiber (1924–1929) [149] [159] Kline Kar (1910–1923) [149] Klink (1907–1910) [149] Klock (1900–1901) [149] Knickerbocker (1901–1903) [149] Knox (1900–1914) Koehler (1910–1912) [149] Komet (1911) Konigslow [149] Koppin Motor Company (1914) Krastin Automobile Company (1901–1904), based in Cleveland [160] Produced Krastin Gasoline Automobile (1901) K-R-I-T Motor Car Company (1909–1915) Krueger (1905–1906) [149] Kunz (1902–1905) [161] Kurtis (1949–1950, 1954–1955) Kurtz-Automatic (1920–1925) [160] (1900–1911)
Lansden Electric (1901–1903, 1906–1910) [162] La Salle-Niagara (1905–1906) [163] Lauth (1905; Lauth-Juergens 1908–1909) [149] L. C. Erbes (1915–1916) [149]
Liberty Motor Car Company (1916–1924) Lincoln (1912–1913) [169] (see also Sears Roebuck )
Lincoln Motor Car Company (1914) Lindsley (1908–1909) [149]
Liquid Air (1899–1902)
Little Detroit Speedster (1913–1914) Littlemac (1930–1932) [149]
Local Motors (2007–2022)
Logan (1903–1908)
Logan (cyclecars; 1914)
Lordstown Motors (2018–2023) Lowell-American (1908–1909) [149] Lyman & Burnham (1903–1905) [149] Mahoning (1904–1905) [149] Malden Steam (1898, 1902) [172] Manistee Motor Car Company (1910–1913) [149] Michigan Automobile Company (1902) [48] Muntz (1950–1954) [193] Murdaugh (1901–1903) [149] Murray Motor Car Company (1916–1921; Murray-Mac 1921–1929) [149]
National (1900–1924) Nelson (E.A.) Motor Car Company (1917–1921) [149] Neustadt-Perry (1901–1908, 1915) [149] New England Steamer (1898–1899) [172] New Era (1901–1902) [149] New Era (1916) New Era (1933–1934) [196] New Home (1899–1901) [149] New York Car & Truck Company (1907–1910) Niagara (1903–1905) [197] Nichols Shepard (1910–1911) [149] Nielson Motor Car Company (1906–1907) [198] Noble (1902) [160] Noma (1919–1923) [149] Northern Manufacturing Company (1902–1908) [199] Northway (1921–1922) [149] [200] Northwestern [149] Omar (see Browniekar ) [59]
Orient (1899–1908)
Orlo (1904) Ormond Steamer (1904–1905) [172]
Orr (1915) Otto-Kar (1902–1904) [206] Palmer-Singer (1908–1914) [59] Pan-American (1917–1922) [59]
Paragon (1906) Parry (1910; New Parry 1911–1912) [209] Parsons Electric (1905–1906) [160] Partin (1913; Partin-Palmer 1913–1917) [210] Pawtucket (1901–1902) [172] Payne-Modern (1907–1908) [59] Peerless Steam (1901) [211] Pence Automobile Company (circa 1905) [212]
Pennant (1924–1925) Pennington (1894–1900) [214] Pennsylvania (1907–1911) [12] People's (1900–1902) [215] Perfection (1907–1908) [59] Peter Pan (1914–1915) [79] Petrel (1909–1912) [216] [217] Petrel Motor Car Company
Phelps (1903–1905) Phipps-Grinnell (1911; Phipps Electric 1912) [59]
Piedmont (1917–1922)
Pierce-Arrow (1900–1938) Pierce-Racine (1904–1911) [161]
Pilgrim Motor Car Company (1915–1918)
Playboy (1947–1951) Pneumobile (1914–1915) [59] Rapid Motor Vehicle Company (1902–1909) [59] Rubay [59] Rugby (1920s) Rushmobile [59] Russell (1903–1904) [160] Rutenber (1902) Ruxton (1929–1930) R&V Knight (1920–1924) [59] Salvador (1914; S-J-R 1915–1916) [59] Santos Dumont (1902–1904) [238]
Saxon Motor Car Company (1913–1923) Scott (1900–1901, 1903) [59] Scott-Newcomb (1920–1921) [35] Sovereign (1906–1907) [59] Spacke (1919) [3] Spaulding (1902–1903) Spaulding (1910–1916) [3] Speedway (1904–1905) [3] Speedwell (1907–1914) Spencer (1921–1922) [247] Spencer Steamer (1862, 1901–1902) [248] Sphinx (1914–1916) [3] Spoerer (1908–1914) [3] [249] Springer (1903–1905) [3] Springfield (1900–1901) [35] Stearns Electric (1899–1903) [252] Stringer (1899–1902) [35] Strobel & Martin [3] Strong & Rogers Electric (1900–1901) [160] Strouse [35] (1932–1939)
Texan (1920–1922) [264] Thomas (1902–1919) [265] Thomas-Detroit (1906–1908) [3] Thompson (1901–1907) [35] Trinity Steamer [35] Triumph (1907–1912) [269] Trumbull (1914–1915) [3] Tucker (1946–1949) Tulsa (1918–1922) [3] Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation (1974–1978) Twin City (1914) [3] Twombly (1913–1915) Twyford (1899–1902, 1904–1907) [3] Upton Machine Company (1902–1903) [3]
Upton Motor Company (1905–1907) Velie (1908–1929)
Vernon (Able 8; 1918–1921) [3] Victor Steamer (1899–1903) [35] Victormobile (1900–1901) [274] Waltham Manufacturing Co (1899–1910) [3] Walworth (1904–1905) [3] Ward (1913–1914) [278] Ward Electric (1914–1916) [279] Ware Steam Wagon (1861–1867) Warren (1910–1913) [3] Warwick (1901–1905) [3] Washington (1921–1924) Wasp (1919–1924) [3] Waterloo (1903–1905) [3] Watrous (1905) [3] Watt (1910) [3] Waukesha (1906–1910) [3] Waverley Electric (1898–1903, 1909–1916) [3] Webb Jay (1908) [35] Weidely Motor Company (1915–1917) Welch Motor Car Company (1901–1911) [3] Westcott (1909–1925) Westfield (1901–1903) [35] W.F.S. (1911–1912) [3] Whaley-Henriette (1898–1900) [3] Wharton (1922–1923) [3] Wheeler Manufacturing Company (1904) Whippet (1927–1931) [12] White Motor Company (1900–1918) [3] White Star (1909–1911) [3] Whiting Motor Car Co (1910–1912) [3] [280] Whitmore, M.C. Co (1914) Woods Mobilette (1913–1916) [3] Worth (J.M.) Gas Engine Manufacturing Co (1902) [282] Worth (1906–1910) [3] [282] 5.
Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946–1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p. 1016.
8. Flyer www.bessermuseum.org, retrieved May 10, 2019 ^ 13. American Motor Company Horseless vehicles, automobiles, motor cycles operated by steam, hydro-carbon, electric and pneumatic motors : a practical treatise for ... everyone interested in the development, use and care of the automobile, including a special chapter on how to build an electric cab, with detail drawings / by Gardner D. Hiscox, 1900-01-01, retrieved 2025-03-15 ^ 21. Clymer, p. 205; Kimes. Clark ^ 27. Clymer, pp. 178, 205. ^ 28. Clymer, pp. 153, 205. ^ 29. Clymer, pp. 190, 205. ^ 31. Beggs Model 7-R Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 25 (Apr.-June 1921), 1921-06-01, retrieved 2025-12-06 ^ 34. Clymer, pp. 5, 61, 205. ^ 40. Clymer, pp. 16, 170, 206. ^ 41. Clymer, pp. 23, 206. One of three companies by this name. ^ 47. Clymer, p. 178. Built in Little Rock, Arkansas . ^ 49. Clipper Division, Studebaker-Packard Corp.; Packard, A History of the Motor Car and the Company (General edition), Beverly Rae Kimes , editor (1978), "Automobile Quarterly", ISBN 0-915038-11-0 ^ 50. Triumph and Tragedy: The Last Real Packards by Richard M. Langworth, in Collectible Automobile, September 1984 issue; pp. 6-25; (ISSN 0742-812X) ^ 60. Clymer, pp. 170, 206. ^ 61. Clymer, pp. 190, 206. ^ 62. Clymer, pp. 158, 206. One of two companies by this name. ^ 63. Clymer, p. 178. Named for the horse , built in Minneapolis . ^ 64. Clymer, p. 93. Built in St. Louis, Missouri . ^ 72. Clymer, p. 206. Distinct from the tractor . ^ 73. Clymer, pp. 190, 206. Built in Cleveland . ^ 74. Clymer, p. 178. Built in Indiana. Distinct from DeSoto . ^ 75. Clymer, p. 178. Distinct from DeSoto Motor Car Company. ^ 76. Clymer, pp. 38, 205. Offered an electric phaeton before 1916. ^ 77. Clymer, p. 206. Distinct from Diamond T. ^ 78. Clymer, p. 206. Tourist was a model. ^ 80. Clymer, p. 206. By Alberto Santos-Dumont ^ 81. Clymer, p. 206. Founder was later the author of Dyke's Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia. ^ 82. Conceived by Buckminster Fuller . ^ 86. Clymer, p. 153. Built in Wisconsin , distinct from the Michigan company. ^ 87. Clymer, p. 190. Steam and electric cars, built in Cleveland . ^ 88. Clymer, p. 206. No connection to Eaton's . ^ 90. Clymer, p. 206. No connection to Electric Launch Company . ^ 91. Clymer, pp. 23, 207. Johnson model. Distinct from the Elite steam automobile company. ^ 93. Clymer, pp. 170–171, 207. ^ 94. Clymer, p. 104. Built in Cincinnati, Ohio . ^ 95. Clymer, p. 207. Later Halladay or Streator, eventually Barley . ^ 96. Clymer, p. 190. Car and truck maker, based in Cleveland . ^ 97. Clymer, p. 104. Built in Chicago. ^ 103. Kimes and Clark, Standard Catalog, p. 574. ^ 104. Kimes and Clark, Standard Catalog, p. 574. Not counting the Blair-Forth, of 1908. ^ 105. Kimes and Clark, Standard Catalog, pp. 574-575. Not counting the Blair-Forth, of 1908. ^ 106. Kimes and Clark, Standard Catalog, p. 575. ^ 110. Clymer, p. 190. Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland . ^ 112. Kimes and Clark (1996), p. 625. ^ 113. Clymer, p. 207. Distinct from the Gearless steamer. ^ 116. Clymer, pp. 23, 190. Gasoline and steam. ^ 117. Flory, p. 1016, credits them only for 1950. ^ 118. Clymer, p. 207. Supposedly from Atlanta, Georgia . ^ 119. Clymer, p. 190. Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland 1916–1922. ^ 122. Clymer, p. 207. One of two companies by this name. ^ 123. Clymer, p. 190. Truck maker, based in Cleveland . ^ 124. Clymer, pp. 170, 190. ^ 127. Clymer, p. 170. No relation to the school . ^ 130. Distinct from Hatfield Motor Vehicle Company and the Hatfield Company truck manufacturer. Kimes. Clark ^ 131. Clymer, p. 23. An air-cooled, built in Wisconsin , sold for US$2000. ^ 133. Clymer, p. 207. Distinct from Hewitt-Lindstrom . ^ 134. Hewitt Hand book of automobiles (1906), 1906-01-15, retrieved 2025-03-10 ^ 135. Clymer, pp. 23, 190. Steam and gasoline, based in Cleveland . ^ 137. Clymer, p. 207. Distinct from Holley . ^ 138. Clymer, pp. 23, 207. ^ 140. Clymer, pp. 170, 207. ^ 142. In Boston . Kimes. Clark ^ 143. In New York City. Kimes. Clark ^ 144. Clymer, p. 207; Kimes. Clark ^ 145. Clymer, p. 23;. In Toledo, Ohio . Kimes. Clark ^ 146. In Buffalo, New York . Kimes. Clark ^ 148. Clymer, pp. 23, 153. Built in Wisconsin . ^ 150. Jones-Corbin Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 7 (Jan.-Mar. 1903), 1903-01-01, retrieved 2025-12-08 ^ 151. Clymer, p. 208. Not to be confused with Jet Propulsion Laboratory . ^ 152. Clymer, p. 53. Also sold commercial vans of 1, 2, 3, & 6 tons. ^ 154. Clymer, p. 208. One of three companies by this name. ^ 158. Clymer, p. 158. Based in Toledo, Ohio . ^ 160. Clymer, p. 190. Based in Cleveland . ^ 161. Clymer, p. 153. Built in Wisconsin . ^ 162. Clymer, p. 208. Electrette was a model. ^ 163. Clymer, p. 208. Distinct from LaSalle . ^ 164. Clymer, p. 208. Distinct from Lewis Motocycle. ^ 166. Clymer, p. 8. A four-wheeler, despite the name. ^ 169. Clymer, p. 90. Before 1912, the cars were called Sears. ^ 171. began with steam autos ^ 173. Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p. 890 ^ 174. Clymer, pp. 190, 208. Based in Cleveland . ^ 175. Clymer, p. 208. Distinct from the Mason steamer. ^ 176. Clymer, p. 93. Built in Waterloo, Iowa . ^ 178. Clymer, p. 153. Built in Wisconsin by Joe Merkel, who later built the Merkel Motorcycle. ^ 179. Clymer, p. 23. Distinct from the Meteor steamer and the Ford division . ^ 180. Clymer, p. 208. Distinct from the Nash ^ 181. Clymer, p. 145. Built in Waltham, Massachusetts . ^ 184. Clymer, p. 93. Built in Moline, Illinois . ^ 185. Clymer, pp. 36, 153. Built in Racine, Wisconsin . ^ 187. Clymer, p. 208. One of two companies by this name, distinct from Moline-Knight . ^ 189. Clymer, p. 208. Not to be confused with Moggie . ^ 190. Clymer, pp. 22. 208. ^ 191. Lewis, Mary Beth. "Ten Best First Facts", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p. 92. ^ 192. Mueller Manufacturing Company Horseless vehicles, automobiles, motor cycles operated by steam, hydro-carbon, electric and pneumatic motors : a practical treatise for ... everyone interested in the development, use and care of the automobile, including a special chapter on how to build an electric cab, with detail drawings / by Gardner D. Hiscox, 1900-01-01, retrieved 2025-03-15 ^ 193. Flory, p. 1016, dates it to 1950. ^ 194. Nance Touraine Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 16 (Jan.-Mar. 1912), 1912-01-15, retrieved 2026-03-07 ^ 195. Clymer, pp. 170, 178. Built in Traverse City, Michigan . ^ 196. Not to be confused with the producers of the Ruxton . ^ 197. Clymer, pp. 170–171, 208. ^ 198. Clymer, p. 208. Often misspelled as Neilson. ^ 203. Clymer, p. 153. Built in Milwaukee . ^ 204. Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945 (1985), p. 1013 ^ 205. Clymer, pp. 170, 209. ^ 206. Clymer, pp. 190, 209. Based in Cleveland . ^ 207. Clymer, pp. 190, 209. Based in Cleveland . Distinct from Owen Magnetic . ^ 208. Built in Salem, Mass.; 1 gasoline & 2 electric cars Kimes. Clark ^ 209. Clymer, p. 102. Built in Indianapolis, Indiana . ^ 210. Clymer, p. 151. Built in Chicago. ^ 211. Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p. 1125 ^ 213. Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p. 1126 ^ 215. Clymer, pp. 5, 178, 190. Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland . ^ 216. Clymer, p. 153. Friction-drive, built in Wisconsin. ^ 217. Petrel Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 16 (Jan.-Mar. 1912), 1912-01-15, retrieved 2026-03-06 ^ 218. Auto Katalog 1982 Vereinigte Motor-Verlage GmbH & Co. KG, August 1981 ^ 221. Clymer, p. 209. Distinct from Porter Motor Company . ^ 223. Clymer, p. 209. Distinct from the pickup . ^ 224. Clymer, p. 190. Cars & trucks, based in Cleveland . ^ 225. R.C.H. Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 16 (Jan.-Mar. 1912), 1912-01-15, retrieved 2026-03-03 ^ 228. Clymer, p. 209. Said to be the cheapest car ever built. ^ 229. Clymer, pp. 122-124. Producer of four-axle Octoauto and twin rear axle Sextoauto in Columbus, Indiana . ^ 230. Clymer, p. 209. 1895 car produced by Remington Arms Company. ^ 232. Clymer, pp. 22, 209. ^ 233. Clymer, pp. 23, 209. ^ 234. Clymer, p. 209. Distinct from Rogers Steamobile. One of three companies by this name. ^ 237. Clymer, p. 8. A tricycle. ^ 238. Clymer, p. 209. Also known as Dumont. ^ 240. Clymer, pp. 90, 209. ^ 241. Clymer, p. 209. Distinct from Chrysler Sebring . ^ 242. Clymer, p. 5. Built in Buffalo, New York . ^ 243. Clymer, p. 88. Built by William H. Sharp. ^ 247. Clymer, p. 210. Unrelated to the steam car company. ^ 248. Clymer, pp. 23, 210. ^ 249. Spoerer Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 16 (Jan.-Mar. 1912), 1912-01-15, retrieved 2026-03-07 ^ 250. Clymer, p. 210. One of two companies with this name. ^ 251. Clymer, p. 210. Distinct from Stanley Motor Carriage Company . ^ 252. Clymer, p. 210. Distinct from Stearns (automobile) . ^ 255. Clymer, p. 210. One of three companies by this name. ^ 256. Clymer, pp. 23, 210. Steam cars. One of three companies by this name. ^ 257. Production was continued in Canada until 1966. ^ 258. Flory, p. 1016. Fitting Cadillac V8s into Studebakers was common in the 1950s, under the nickname Studillac, as well as into Fords as Fordillacs; it appears Flory has mistaken it. ^ 259. Clymer, pp. 38, 210. ^ 262. Clymer, p. 210. Unrelated to Summit Racing Equipment . ^ 263. Clymer, p. 190, locates them in Cleveland . ^ 264. Clymer, pp. 170, 210. ^ 268. Clymer, p. 22; Kimes. Clark ^ 270. Union Sales Company Cycle and automobile trade journal v. 16 (Jan.-Mar. 1912), 1912-01-15, retrieved 2026-03-03 ^ 271. Clymer, p. 210. Distinct from the Victor steam cars. ^ 272. Victor Gas review v. 2 (1909), 1909-01-01, retrieved 2026-03-25 ^ 274. Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1945. Krause Publications, 1985, p. 1455. ISBN 0-87341-045-9. ^ 275. Clymer, p. 135. Built in Painesville, Ohio . ^ 276. Detroit-based builder of "generic" cars without badges so dealers could badge them as desired. Clymer, p.146. ^ 278. Clymer, p. 210. Distinct from Ward (electric automobile company) . ^ 279. Clymer, p. 210. Distinct from Ward (automobile company) . ^ 