Tetley's Brewery

Tetley's Brewery was an English regional brewer founded by Joshua Tetley in Hunslet, Leeds, in 1822. It developed from a family malting and brewing tradition dating to the eighteenth century and became one of the most important brewing businesses in Yorkshire. The company originally operated from the Leeds Brewery at Salem Place, producing porter and mild ale. Joshua Tetley brought his son Francis William into the business in 1839, creating Joshua Tetley & Son, and a larger brewery designed by George Corson was built from 1852. During the second half of the nineteenth century, Tetley's expanded production, added pale ale to its traditional mild range, and built a tied-house estate. It became the largest brewery in the North of England by 1860 and was converted into a public limited company in 1897, using new capital to develop bottling. Acquisitions strengthened its regional position: Gilmour Brewery of Sheffield was taken over in 1954, followed by Melbourne Brewery of Leeds in 1960. Tetley also merged with Walkers of Warrington in 1960 to form Tetley Walker, a company with thousands of tied houses across Yorkshire and beyond. In 1961 Tetley Walker combined with Ind Coope and Ansells to form Allied Breweries, then one of the world's largest brewing groups. The Leeds site was modernised, including a new brewhouse in 1964, and the business became Britain's leading cask-ale producer during the 1970s. Allied's 1978 merger with J. Lyons created Allied Lyons. Tetley's benefited from the revival of cask ale in the 1980s and was described as the world's largest cask-ale producer during that decade. Its strong following in West Yorkshire was supported by product consistency, extensive pub ownership and advertising such as the Tetley Bittermen campaigns. Carlsberg acquired a 50 percent stake in 1993 and completed its takeover in 1998. The corporate name Carlsberg-Tetley was later changed to Carlsberg UK, although Tetley's continued as a beer brand. The Leeds brewery was closed in stages after Carlsberg announced its closure plan in 2008. Brewing ended at the site in June 2011, with production transferred under contract or within the wider Carlsberg supply network to breweries in Wolverhampton, Tadcaster, Hartlepool and Northampton. The original brewery was demolished in 2012, while the surviving 1930s headquarters reopened in 2013 as The Tetley contemporary arts centre. Tetley's principal beers have included Tetley's Smoothflow, Tetley's Original, Tetley's Cask, Mild, Dark Mild, Gold and Imperial. Smoothflow is a nitrogenated keg and canned ale, while Tetley's Cask is a cask-conditioned bitter associated with the Yorkshire-square brewing tradition. The brand has retained a strong Yorkshire identity through rugby-league sponsorship, especially its relationship with Leeds Rhinos, while also appearing in national sports partnerships and selected overseas markets. The brewery as a manufacturing site is defunct, but the Tetley's beer brand remains part of Carlsberg's portfolio.

The Tetley family's connection with brewing began with William Tetley, recorded as a maltster in Armley near Leeds during the eighteenth century. Joshua Tetley leased the Leeds Brewery at Salem Place, Hunslet, in 1822. His son Francis William joined him as a partner in 1839, when the firm became Joshua Tetley & Son. The business was already profitable and employed 32 people by 1848, producing mainly porter and mild ale. A substantial replacement brewery designed by architect George Corson began construction in 1852. After Joshua Tetley's death in 1859, Francis William continued the business and brought in his brother-in-law Charles Ryder. Tetley grew into the largest brewery in the North of England by 1860. Although mild remained central to its nineteenth-century output, pale ale became increasingly important as consumer preferences changed. Annual production reached 171,500 barrels by 1875. The company entered the tied-house trade in 1890 and became a public limited company in 1897. The flotation supported investment in bottling and expansion. By 1914 Tetley had established a substantial network of tied public houses. Its 1931 art deco headquarters became a prominent part of the Leeds brewery complex. Post-war consolidation accelerated the company's regional growth. Tetley acquired Sheffield's Gilmour Brewery in 1954, together with 500 tied houses. In 1960 it took over the nearby Melbourne Brewery of Leeds for £3.5 million, adding 245 tied houses and reinforcing its position as Leeds's dominant brewer. Later that year it merged with Walkers of Warrington to create Tetley Walker. The new company controlled more than 1,000 houses in Yorkshire and approximately 2,000 elsewhere. In 1961 Tetley Walker merged with Ind Coope and Ansells to form Allied Breweries. The Leeds brewery employed more than 1,000 people during the 1960s, and a new brewhouse was added in 1964. Tetley's reached a high point in the 1970s, when it owned a large share of Leeds pubs and produced about one million barrels annually. Allied Breweries merged with J. Lyons in 1978 to form Allied Lyons. During the 1980s, increased interest in cask ale helped Tetley become the world's largest cask-ale producer. The brand's regional loyalty was reinforced by advertising, notably the Tetley Bittermen, although later marketing was criticised for relying too heavily on nostalgic images of Yorkshire life. Carlsberg bought half of the business in 1993 and acquired the remainder in 1998. Tetley's brewery museum opened in 1994 but closed in 2000 after redevelopment pressures affected the surrounding site. Sales of Tetley Bitter were overtaken by John Smith's in 1996, leaving Tetley as the number-two ale brand in the relevant market. In 2004 the Tetley name was removed from the corporate title, which became Carlsberg UK Limited. Carlsberg announced the closure of the Leeds brewery in November 2008. Production was transferred to other sites: cask products went to Wolverhampton, Smoothflow to Tadcaster, certain mild and Imperial products to Hartlepool, and lager production to Northampton. The final brew took place in February 2011 and the brewery closed in June. The buildings were demolished in 2012, with 179 employees losing their jobs. The former headquarters survived and reopened as The Tetley arts centre in 2013. Brewery records and artefacts are preserved by The Tetley and the West Yorkshire Archive Service. Regeneration of the surrounding South Bank area has included plans for Aire Park.

1. 2013The Tetley opens

   The former headquarters becomes a contemporary arts centre.

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2. 2011Leeds brewing ends

   The historic Leeds brewery closes and production moves to other sites.

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3. 1998Carlsberg completes the takeover

   Tetley becomes wholly owned within the Carlsberg group.

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4. 1993Carlsberg acquires a 50 percent stake

   Carlsberg becomes a part-owner of Tetley's business.

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5. 1961Allied Breweries is formed

   Tetley Walker combines with Ind Coope and Ansells.

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6. 1960Tetley Walker is created

   Tetley takes over Melbourne Brewery and merges with Walkers of Warrington.

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7. 1897The company becomes public

   Joshua Tetley & Son is incorporated as a public limited company and expands into bottling.

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8. 1839Joshua Tetley & Son is formed

   Francis William Tetley becomes a partner in the family business.

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9. 1822Joshua Tetley leases the Leeds Brewery

   Joshua Tetley begins operating the brewery at Salem Place in Hunslet, Leeds.

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A traditional Yorkshire ale brand associated with Leeds, cask brewing, tied-house pub culture and rugby league sponsorship.

• Tetley's SmoothflowNitrogenated ale

  A smooth, nitrogenated ale traditionally sold from kegs and in cans fitted with a widget. The beer has also been marketed overseas as Tetley's English Ale. Its smooth dispense and relatively moderate strength distinguish it from the cask-conditioned version.

• Tetley's CaskCask-conditioned bitter

  The cask-conditioned expression of Tetley's bitter, associated with Yorkshire brewing methods and traditionally served through a sparkler. After the Leeds brewery closed, production continued under contract at a Wolverhampton brewery using a Yorkshire-square-inspired process and dual-strain yeast.

• Tetley's OriginalAle

  A non-nitrogenated version of the brand's familiar ale profile. It has been sold in cans without the widget used for Smoothflow and represents the packaged form of Tetley's traditional bitter-style offering.

• Tetley's MildMild ale

  A lower-strength mild available in light and dark forms. The beers remained part of the Tetley's range after production moved away from Leeds and were brewed elsewhere within or for the Carlsberg supply network.

• Tetley's ImperialPremium ale2002

  Originally developed for the Teesside market, Imperial was later introduced nationally as a stronger cask ale. Its formulation used multiple yeasts and an extended development period; the cask variant was subsequently withdrawn while a pasteurised keg form continued.

• Tetley's GoldGolden ale2012

  A cask ale introduced as an additional Tetley's variant in 2012, following the closure of the original Leeds brewery and the relocation of production.

• 2010ITV4 evening programming sponsorship

  United Kingdom

  Tetley's returned to television advertising as a sponsor of evening programming on ITV4.

  Outcome. The sponsorship restored a television presence after a break from broadcast advertising.

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• 2006Don't Do Things By Halves

  United Kingdom

  A replacement advertising slogan intended to refresh Tetley's communications after the Smoothly Does It period.

  Outcome. The campaign formed part of a broader effort to modernise the brand's marketing.

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• 1999Smoothly Does It

  United Kingdom

  A national advertising platform built around Tetley's smooth ale positioning.

  Outcome. Used through 2006 before the brand adopted a different slogan.

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• 1980Tetley Bittermen

  United Kingdom

  A long-running television advertising concept used comic brewery-worker characters to promote Tetley Bitter and strengthen the brand's association with Yorkshire and traditional cask ale.

  Outcome. The campaign became one of Tetley's best-known marketing assets and was associated with strong regional loyalty.

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• 1971Rugby league sponsorship

  United Kingdom

  Tetley, alongside John Player, became one of rugby league's first commercial sponsors. Later partnerships included Leeds RLFC, Leeds Rhinos, the Super League and the Challenge Cup.

  Outcome. Sport sponsorship became a durable part of Tetley's Yorkshire-oriented brand identity.

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• 2008Decision to close the Leeds breweryStrategy

  Carlsberg cited declining UK demand and the greater scale and modernity of other breweries.

  What changed. Carlsberg announced closure and planned to relocate production to Northampton and other breweries.

  Aftermath. The final Leeds brew took place in February 2011, the site closed in June 2011, and 179 jobs were lost.

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• 2000Retirement of the huntsman logoOther

  The traditional huntsman mark faced growing opposition to hunting imagery in the United Kingdom.

  What changed. Tetley's replaced the huntsman with a rugby-ball-shaped logo aligned with its rugby-league sponsorship.

  Aftermath. The huntsman image was revived in simplified form in 2010, with the brand returning to traditional red and yellow colours.

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• 1998Carlsberg completes acquisition of TetleyM&A

  Carlsberg had acquired a 50 percent stake in the business in 1993.

  What changed. Carlsberg took full ownership of Tetley's business.

  Aftermath. Tetley became a brand within Carlsberg's UK portfolio, while the corporate name later changed to Carlsberg UK.

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• 1960Takeover of Melbourne BreweryM&A

  Tetley sought to consolidate its position in Leeds and was approached by Melbourne Brewery about a combination.

  What changed. Tetley acquired Melbourne Brewery and its tied houses; Melbourne beer production ceased, although Tetley Mild was brewed at the site for a period.

  Aftermath. The transaction confirmed Tetley's status as Leeds's largest brewer.

  Acquisition price. £3.5 million (1960)

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• 2008Controversy over the timing of the Leeds closure announcementControversy

  Carlsberg's announcement that the Leeds plant would close attracted local criticism. Commentators alleged that the timing, immediately after the United States presidential election, reduced national press attention, while unions and local observers opposed the loss of the historic brewery and jobs.

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• 2013The Tetley arts centre opens in the former headquarters

  The surviving 1930s Tetley office building reopened as a contemporary arts venue with galleries, studios, a bar, restaurant and event spaces.

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• 2011Tetley's Leeds brewery completes closure

  The final brewing activity ended at the Leeds site after cask, keg and lager production had been reassigned to other breweries.

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• 2008Carlsberg announces closure of the Leeds brewery

  Carlsberg UK announced that Tetley's historic Leeds production site would close, citing declining demand and the greater efficiency of other breweries in its network.

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1. Tetley's Brewery