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Times New Roman is a transitional serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times in 1931, designed by Stanley Morison with input from Victor Lardent, and officially released by Monotype in 1932. Renowned for its balanced, legible design rooted in older printing traditions, it has become one of the most widely pre-installed fonts on desktop computers globally, dominating formal, academic, and professional contexts for decades due to its cross-platform compatibility.
Key moments
1931Commissioned by The Times to replace its outdated 19th-century typeface; designed by Stanley Morison and Victor Lardent based on the classic Plantin font
1932Officially launched by Monotype and first used in The Times newspaper
Late 20th CenturyPre-installed in early Windows operating systems, evolving into a 'web-safe font' and global standard for formal documents
Times New Roman competes with multiple serif and functional typefaces across print and digital use cases:
Direct Classic Serif Competitors:
Georgia: A Microsoft-designed serif optimized for screen readability, with heavier strokes and clearer letterforms that outperform Times New Roman on digital displays, making it a top alternative for online content.
Garamond: A timeless old-style serif with elegant, subtle strokes, favored in book publishing and high-end print for its refined aesthetic, appealing to users seeking a more traditional look than Times New Roman's utilitarian design.
Modern Accessible Alternatives:
IBM Plex Serif & Merriweather: Contemporary serifs built for both print and digital environments, featuring distinct letter differentiation (e.g., separate 'I' and 'l') and enhanced accessibility, addressing long-standing critiques of Times New Roman's ambiguous characters.
Niche Academic Competitors:
Century Schoolbook: A highly legible serif dominant in educational publishing, prioritizing readability for long-form academic content over Times New Roman's compact layout.
Times New Roman’s core strength is its universal compatibility and entrenched cultural status in formal settings, but it faces declining adoption in modern design due to its lack of screen optimization and accessibility features compared to newer rivals.
Retains dominance in formal/academic fields due to historical inertia, but loses share to digital-optimized serifs like Georgia
Critiqued for poor screen readability and ambiguous letter forms (e.g., identical 'I' and 'l')
Key competitors span traditional print serifs (Garamond) and modern accessible designs (IBM Plex Serif)
As one of the most culturally embedded typeface brands in global design history, Times New Roman carries nearly a century of institutional recognition that positions it far beyond a standard digital asset, functioning as a default symbolic marker of formality, academic rigor, and professional credibility across global public and private sectors. It has transcended its original origin as a newspaper print solution to become a shared cultural reference point recognized by billions of users across generations, with no other competing serif typeface matching its level of universal baseline familiarity.
The brand’s core competitive moat stems from decades of pre-installation bundling across nearly all mainstream desktop operating systems, office productivity suites, and digital publishing tools from the 1980s onward, creating a de facto standard status that no newer alternative typeface has been able to replicate to date. Even as modern design trends shift toward screen-optimized, highly accessible type families, Times New Roman retains consistent mandated use in formal institutional contexts, from university academic submission guidelines to government document formatting rules, that sustain its ongoing market relevance.
While it faces steady erosion in market share for general digital content and modern branding applications, its long-standing cultural cachet and near-zero friction for cross-platform access preserves its top-tier ranking among global serif typeface brands, with unique brand equity that ties the font to widely understood associations of seriousness and traditionalism.
Brand leadership
Score: 92/100
Times New Roman is universally recognized as the leading default formal serif typeface across all professional and academic contexts, with decades of market precedence that has made it the reference benchmark against which all other transitional serif typefaces are measured for formal use cases.
User interaction and adoption
Score: 87/100
Billions of users across the world have interacted with Times New Roman for school assignments, business correspondence, printed documents and online reading, with most users able to identify its distinct letterforms without specialized design training, even as casual users may not consciously categorize it as a distinct brand asset.
Market momentum
Score: 58/100
The brand has seen slowing adoption in the last 15 years as screen-optimized, accessibility-focused alternative serifs gain popularity for web content and modern publishing, though it retains stable volume in mandated use cases that prevents sharp declines in overall usage.
Brand stability
Score: 95/100
Having maintained a consistent, unchanged core design standard for over 90 years, Times New Roman faces no risk of core brand identity erosion, with its long-established presence in pre-installed software bundles creating nearly guaranteed ongoing availability for all end users for the foreseeable future.
Brand heritage and age
Score: 94/100
First commissioned and released publicly in 1932, Times New Roman carries 94 years of continuous public use, with a well-documented origin story tied to iconic media brand The Times and celebrated typographer Stanley Morison that adds substantial authoritative heritage value to the brand.
Industry recognition and profile
Score: 90/100
The typeface is cited as a core case study in nearly all foundational typography, graphic design and publishing curriculums globally, with design professionals universally recognizing its historical significance and long-standing impact on the evolution of modern printed and digital typography.
Global market reach
Score: 93/100
As one of the few typefaces that has full native character support for nearly all major global writing systems and languages, Times New Roman is distributed and used in every country across the world, with no regional market excluding it from standard document formatting and publishing workflows.
This brand value assessment leverages structured AI-driven reasoning around Times New Roman’s cross-market penetration, cultural equity and long-standing usage footprint to generate illustrative framing of its overall brand worth, and no presented figures represent formally audited financial valuation. To obtain the official fully audited certified brand value for Times New Roman, please contact the World Brand Lab directly for their official proprietary evaluation results.
Proprietary
Times New Roman is a seriftypeface commissioned for use by the British newspaper The Times in 1931.It has become one of the most popular typefaces of all time and is installed on most personal computers.The typeface was conceived by Stanley Morison, the artistic adviser to the British branch of the printing equipment company Monotype, in collaboration with Victor Lardent, a lettering artist in The Times's advertising department.
Asked to advise on a redesign, Morison recommended that The Times change their body text typeface from a spindly nineteenth-century face to a more robust, solid design, returning to traditions of printing from the eighteenth century and before. This matched a common trend in printing tastes of the period. Morison proposed an older Monotype typeface named Plantin as a basis for the design, and Times New Roman mostly matches Plantin's dimensions. The main change was that the contrast between strokes was enhanced to give a crisper image.
The new design made its debut in The Times on 3 October 1932. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale.
In Times New Roman's name, 'Roman' is a reference to the regular or roman style (sometimes also called Antiqua), the first part of the Times New Roman typeface family to be designed.Roman type has roots in Italian printing of the late 15th and early 16th centuries, but Times New Roman's design has no connection to Rome or to the Romans.
The Times stayed with the original Times New Roman for 40 years. The paper subsequently switched between different variants of the original typeface five times between 1972 and 2007, due to new production techniques and a format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004.
Design
Times New Roman has a robust colour on the page and influences of European early modern and Baroque printing.[3] As a typeface designed for newspaper printing, Times New Roman has a high x-height, short descenders to allow tight linespacing and a relatively condensed appearance. (Although Hutt, and most other authors, describe Times New Roman as having a higher x-height than Plantin, Tracy reports based on published Monotype dimensions that in the original small metal-type sizes the difference was not great.)
The roman style of Plantin was loosely based on a metal type created in the late sixteenth century by the French artisan Robert Granjon and preserved in the collection of the Plantin-Moretus Museum of Antwerp.[4][5][6][7]
Metal type versions
A large number of variants of Times were cut during the metal type period, in particular headline weights and families of titling capitals for headlines. Walter Tracy in Letters of Credit, Allen Hutt and others have discussed these extensively in their works on the family. (Morison felt in 1953 that the most important part of The Times's redesign that introduced Times New Roman was not the body text at all, but introducing headline fonts that matched the text type.)
Titling
Monotype created some caps-only titling designs to match Times New Roman itself. These are not sold by Monotype in digital format, although Linotype's Times Eighteen in the same style (see below) is.
Times Hever Titling
An elegant titling caps design, quite different from Times New Roman with a Caslon-style A (with a serif at top left of the letter, suggesting a stroke written with a quill) and old-style C and W; Tracy suggests Monotype's previous Poliphilus design as an influence.Named after Hever Castle, the home of the Times' owner Lord Astor and designed early on, it was used by the Times for headings in the lighter sections such as society pages, arts and fashion.[42]
Usage
Times New Roman's popularity rapidly expanded beyond its original niche, becoming popular in book printing and general publishing. Monotype promoted the typeface in their trade magazine, The Monotype Recorder, and took advantage of this popularity by cutting a widened version, Series 427, for book publishing, although many books ultimately used the original version. The first known book published in Times New Roman (the original 327 Monotype series) was Minnow Among Tritons, published by the Nonesuch Press and printed by R&R Clark in 1934.(Because the cover of the Monotype Recorder compared the new "Times New Roman" with a sample of the previous type labelled as "Times Old Roman", some writers have assumed that the Times' previous typeface was actually called this, which it was not.[51][30])
An early user of Times New Roman outside its origin was by Daniel Berkeley Updike, an influential historian of printing with whom Morison carried an extensive correspondence. Impressed by the design, he used it to set his book Some Aspects of Printing, Old and New.[52][53][54]
Linotype design (Times Roman)
Monotype originally created Times New Roman for its typesetting machines, but its rival, Linotype, rapidly began to offer its version of the typeface with subtle differences. A key reason is that many newspapers, including The Times, also used Linotype equipment for production. Linotype referred to its design as Times or Times Roman. Monotype and Linotype have since merged, but the lineage of Times has been split into two subtly different designs since its earliest days.[70]
Although Times New Roman and Times are very similar, various differences developed between the versions marketed by Linotype and Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from metal to photo and digital media.For example, Linotype has slanted serifs on the capital S, while Monotype's are vertical, and Linotype has an extra serif on the number 5.[71] Most of these differences are invisible in body text at normal reading distances, or 10pts at 300 dpi. Subtle competition grew between the two foundries, as the proportions and details, as well as the width metrics for their version of Times, grew apart. Differences between the two versions do occur in the lowercase z in the italic weight (Times Linotype has a curl also followed in the STIX revival, Times New Roman is straight), and in the percent sign in all weights (Linotype and STIX have a stroke connecting up the left-hand zero with a slash, Times New Roman does not). Monotype's 'J' is non-descending, but Linotype's in the bold weight descends below the baseline. Linotype's metal version of Times had a shrunken 'f' due to a technical limitation of the Linotype system: it could not cast a
Modern releases
Monotype variants
Monotype has released at least eight digital typefaces under the name Times New Roman.[77]
Times New Roman
Since Windows 3.1, all versions of Microsoft Windows include Times New Roman.[78] Version 6.87 of this typeface is available for purchase under the name Times New Roman OS (see below).[79] The current 7.03 version of Windows' Times New Roman includes small capitals, text figures, and italic swash capitals.[80][81]
Later typefaces used by The Times
The Times newspaper has commissioned various successors to Times New Roman:
Times Europa was designed by Walter Tracy in 1972 for The Times, as a sturdier alternative to the Times font family, designed for the demands of faster printing presses and cheaper paper.[95] It has been released commercially by Adobe, among others, recently in an updating by Linotype as Times Europa Office (discussed above).[96][94]
Times Roman replaced Times Europa on 30 August 1982.
Times Millennium was made in 1991, drawn by Gunnlaugur Briem on the instructions of Aurobind Patel, composing manager of News International.[97]
In 1994 the printing historian Mike Parker published claims that the design of Times New Roman's roman or regular style was based on a 1904 design of William Starling Burgess.[106] This theory remains controversial.[107] Parker and his friend Gerald Giampa, a Canadian printer who had bought up the defunct American branch of Lanston Monotype, claimed that, in 1904, Burgess created a type design for company documents at his shipyard in Marblehead, Massachusetts, and hired Lanston Monotype to issue it.[106] However, Burgess abandoned the idea and Monotype shelved the sketches, ultimately reusing them as a basis for Times New Roman.Giampa claimed that he stumbled upon original material in 1987, after he had purchased Lanston Monotype, and that some of the papers that had been his evidence had been lost in a flood at his house, while Parker claimed that an additional source was material in a section of the Smithsonian now closed due to asbestos contamination.[106] Giampa asked Parker to complete the type from the limited number of surviving letters, which was issued in June 2009 by Font Bureau under the name of 'Starling'.[107]
Designs inspired by Times New Roman
In the phototypesetting and digital typesetting periods many font designs have been published inspired by Times New Roman.Although the digital data of Monotype and Linotype releases of Times New Roman are copyrighted, and the name Times is trademarked,[120] the design itself is in many countries not copyrightable.Notably, the United States allows alternative interpretations if they do not reuse digital data.[121][122]
Times Modern was a condensed and bold display variant published by, among others, Elsner+Flake. It was withdrawn from sale due to trademark disputes with the Times newspaper, which owns its own unrelated design named 'Times Modern' (see above).[123]
Free alternatives
There are some free software fonts used as alternatives, including metric-compatible designs used for font substitution.[134][135][136][137]
URW++ produced a version of Times New Roman called Nimbus Roman in 1982. Nimbus Roman No9 L, URW's PostScript variant, was released under the GNU General Public License in 1996,[138][139]
) Indeed, the working title of Times New Roman was "Times Old Style".
However, Times New Roman modifies the Granjon influence further than Plantin due to features such as its 'a' and 'e', with very large counters and apertures, its ball terminal detailing, a straight-sided 'M' and an increased level of contrast between thick and thin strokes, so it has often been compared to fonts from the late eighteenth century, the so-called 'transitional' genre, in particular the Baskerville typeface of the 1750s.[12][13] Historian and sometime Monotype executive Allan Haley commented that compared to Plantin "serifs had been sharpened...contrast was increased and character curves were refined," while Lawson described Times's higher-contrast crispness as having "a sparkle [Plantin] never achieved".[14]
Italic and bold
Morison described the companion italic as also being influenced by the typefaces created by the Didot family in the late 18th and early 19th centuries: a "rationalistic italic that owed nothing to the tradition of the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. It has, indeed, more in common with the eighteenth century."[15][16][17] Morison had several years earlier attracted attention for promoting the radical idea that italics in book printing were too disruptive to the flow of text, and should be phased out.[18][19] He rapidly came to concede that the idea was impractical, and later wryly commented to historian Harry Carter that 'Times italic' "owes more to Didot than dogma."[6] Morison wrote in a personal letter of Times New Roman's mixed heritage that it "has the merit of not looking as if it had been designed by somebody in particular."[20]Rather than creating a companion boldface with letterforms similar to the roman style, Times New Roman's bold has a different character, with a more condensed and more upright effect caused by making the horizontal parts of curves consistently the thinnest lines of each letter, and making the top serifs of letters like 'd' purely horizontal.[22] This effect is not found in sixteenth-century typefaces (which, in any case, did not have bold versions); it is most associated with the Didone, or "modern" type of the early nineteenth century (and with the more recent 'Ionic' styles of type influenced by it that were offered by Linotype, discussed below).[23][24][25][26] Some commentators have found 'Times bold' unsatisfactory and too condensed, such as Walter Tracy.
Historical background
During the nineteenth century, the standard roman types for general-purpose printing were "Modern" or Didone designs, and these were standard in all newspaper printing.[28] Designs in the nineteenth-century style remain a common part of the aesthetic of newspaper printing; for example in 2017 digital typeface designer Tobias Frere-Jones wrote that he kept his Exchange family, designed for the Wall Street Journal, based on the nineteenth-century model as it "had to feel like the news."[29] According to Mosley and Williamson the modern-face used by The Times was Monotype's Series 7 or "Modern Extended", based on typefaces by Miller and Richard.[30]
By the 1920s, some in the publishing industry felt that the modern-face model was too spindly and high-contrast for optimal legibility at the small sizes and punishing printing techniques of newspaper printing. In 1925, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, Monotype's main competitor, launched a new newspaper typeface called Ionic, which became the first in a series known as the Legibility Group.[25] These kept to the nineteenth-century model but greatly reduced the contrast of the letterform.
It has not been digitised.
Times Wide (1938, series 427)
A variant intended for book printing, avoiding the slight condensation of the original Times New Roman.[43] Although it was popular in the metal type period for book printing, it was apparently never digitised. Monotype also created a version, series 627, with long descenders more appropriate to classic book typography. Optional text figures were also available.[44]
Series 727 and 827
Monotype also produced Series 727, in which the heavier strokes of upper-case letters were made slightly thinner. This was done to produce a lighter effect in which capital letters do not stand out so much, and was particularly intended for German use, since in the German language capitals are far more common since they appear at the start of each noun. Series 827 modified some letters (notably the R) to correspond to their appearance in other typefaces popular in French printing. This production of what are now called stylistic alternates to suit national tastes was common at the time, and many alternates were also offered for Gill Sans for use in Europe.[45]
Claritas (1951)
A modified 43/4 point size of Times Roman was produced by Monotype for use in printing matter requiring a very small size of type. Listed as Times Newspaper Smalls, available as either Series 333 or 335, it was also referred to by the name Claritas.[15]
Times 4-line Mathematics Series 569
This is a variant designed for printing mathematical formulae, using the 4‑line system for mathematics developed by Monotype in 1957.[46][47] This modified version of Times Roman was designed for use as part of Monotype's 4-line Mathematics system.The major changes to the Times Roman typeface itself were a reduction in the slope of italic characters to 12 degrees from 16 degrees, so as to reduce the need for kerning, and a change in the form of italic 'v' and 'w' so that italic 'v' could be more easily distinguished from a Greek nu.[46]
The 4-line system involved casting characters for 10-point Times Roman on 6-point bodies.The top of the character would overhang the slug, forming a kern which was less fragile than the normal kerns of foundry type, as it was on a slab of cast metal. This technique had been in previous use on Monotype machines, usually involving double-height matrices, to allow the automatic setting of "advertising figures" (numbers that occupy two or more lines, usually to clearly indicate a price in an advertisement set in small type). This meant that the same matrix could be used for both superscript and subscript numbers. More importantly, it allowed a variable or other item to have both a superscript and a subscript at the same time, one above the other, without inordinate difficulty.[46]
Previously, while the Monotype system, due to its flexibility, was widely used for setting mathematical formulas, Monotype's Modern Series 7 was usually used for this purpose.[48] Because of the popularity of Times Roman at the time, Monotype chose to design a variant of Times Roman suited to mathematical composition, and recut many additional characters needed for mathematics, including special symbols as well as Greek and Fraktur alphabets, to accompany the system instead of designing it around the typeface that was being used, for which characters were already available.[46] Matrices for some 700 characters were available as part of Times Roman Series 569 when it was released in 1958, with new characters constantly being added for over a decade afterwards (thus, in 1971, 8,000 characters were included, and new ones were being added at a rate of about 5 per week).[46]
Others
The Times also used a sans-serifwood type for printing newbills which had no connection to Times New Roman.It was similar to Kabel Bold Condensed.[49]
Besides Monotype versions, Times New Roman was also available in metal type from Linotype, discussed below, and Intertype.[50]
It then was chosen by the Crowell-Collier magazines
Walter Tracy, who worked on a redesign, however noted that the design's compression and fine detail extending to the edge of the matrices was not ideal in the aggressive conditions of most newspaper printing, in which the Times was unusual for its particularly high standard of printing suiting its luxury market. Users found that in the hot metal period it was common for the molten metal to rapidly eat through the matrices as type was being cast, and so it did not become popular among other newspapers: "Times Roman achieved its popularity chiefly in general printing, not in newspaper work." He described it as particularly used in "book work, especially non-fiction" such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica.Hutt also commented that Times New Roman's relative condensation was less useful than might be expected for newspaper printing, since in a normal newspaper column frequent paragraph breaks tend to provide area that can absorb the space of wider letters without increasing the number of lines used–but The Times, whose house style in the 1930s was to minimise the number of paragraph breaks, was an exception to this.
A number of early reviews of Times New Roman were published in Morison's lifetime that discussed aspects of its design. Most were appreciative (Morison was an influential figure in publishing) but several noted that it did not follow conventional expectations of newspaper typeface design.[60] One article that discussed its design was Optical Scale in Typefounding, written by Harry Carter and published in 1937, which discussed the differences between small and large-size typeface designs.He commented "The small sizes of Plantin embody what are supposed to be the requirements of a good small type [but] Times Roman, which most people find the easiest to read of small text-types, runs counter to some of them...[Morison] avoided blunt serifs and thickened hairlines because he found they wore down more noticeably than sharper-cut features."[31]
Times New Roman remains popular in publishing, helped by the extremely large range of characters available for international and mathematics printing.[61] For example, the American Psychological Association suggests using Times New Roman in papers written in its APA style.[62][63]
The U.S. Department of State used Times New Roman as the standard font in its official documents from 2004 to 2023, before switching to Calibri.[64][65] The department reverted to Times New Roman in 2025 on the orders of Secretary of State Marco Rubio.[66]
The Australian Government logo used Times New Roman Bold as a wordmark for departments and agencies are required to use common branding on their websites and print publications.[67]
kerning
'f', one that extended into the space of surrounding letters.
This restriction was removed in the digital version.[72]
Linotype licensed its version to IBM, Xerox, and subsequently to Adobe and Apple, guaranteeing its importance in digital printing by making it one of the core fonts of the PostScript page description language.[73][74] This digital iteration of Times Roman was derived from the 12pt metal type, similar to the phototype version. Microsoft's version of Times New Roman is licensed from Monotype, hence the original name. For compatibility, Monotype had to subtly redraw its design to match the widths from the Adobe/Linotype version.[75] Versions of Times New Roman from Monotype (discussed below) exist that vary from the PostScript metrics.Linotype applied for registration of the trademark name Times Roman and received registration status in 1945.[76]
It omits automatic
ligature
insertion, but enabling the "discretionary ligatures" feature will provide ligatures for "fi" and "Th".
More complex Unicode ligatures like "ffi" and "ft" are also available.[82] A previous version of Times New Roman was also distributed as part of Microsoft's Core Fonts for the Web package.[83]
When the system font Times New Roman was expanded to support Arabic script, it was complemented with the Arabic character set from Simplified Arabic, a typeface that Compugraphic Corporation had plagiarized from Linotype and leased to Microsoft.[84] Times New Roman with support for Arabic was first published in the Arabic version of Windows 3.1x.[84]
Times New Roman OS
Also known as Times New Roman World, this is originally based on the version of Times New Roman bundled with Windows Vista.[85] It includes fonts in WGL character sets, Hebrew and Arabic characters.
Others
Monotype further sells a wider range of styles and optical sizes in order to meet the needs of newspapers and books which print at a range of text sizes.[15]
Times New Roman Pro and Times New Roman Std are the basic releases, which include Regular, Medium, Semi Bold, and Bold weights with matching italics, along with Extra Bold and Condensed (in regular, italic and bold).[86] Times New Roman Pro and Std provide standard ligature for "fi".
Times New Roman Seven is for smaller text and includes Regular and Bold with their italics.[87]
Times New Roman Small Text includes Regular, Italic, and Bold.[88]
Times New Roman
Since Windows 3.1, all versions of Microsoft Windows include Times New Roman.[78] Version 6.87 of this typeface is available for purchase under the name Times New Roman OS (see below).[79] The current 7.03 version of Windows' Times New Roman includes small capitals, text figures, and italic swash capitals.[80][81] It omits automatic ligature insertion, but enabling the "discretionary ligatures" feature will provide ligatures for "fi" and "Th".More complex Unicode ligatures like "ffi" and "ft" are also available.[82] A previous version of Times New Roman was also distributed as part of Microsoft's Core Fonts for the Web package.[83]
When the system font Times New Roman was expanded to support Arabic script, it was complemented with the Arabic character set from Simplified Arabic, a typeface that Compugraphic Corporation had plagiarized from Linotype and leased to Microsoft.[84] Times New Roman with support for Arabic was first published in the Arabic version of Windows 3.1x.[84]
Times New Roman OS
Also known as Times New Roman World, this is originally based on the version of Times New Roman bundled with Windows Vista.[85] It includes fonts in WGL character sets, Hebrew and Arabic characters.
Others
Monotype further sells a wider range of styles and optical sizes in order to meet the needs of newspapers and books which print at a range of text sizes.[15]
Times New Roman Pro and Times New Roman Std are the basic releases, which include Regular, Medium, Semi Bold, and Bold weights with matching italics, along with Extra Bold and Condensed (in regular, italic and bold).[86] Times New Roman Pro and Std provide standard ligature for "fi".
Times New Roman Seven is for smaller text and includes Regular and Bold with their italics.[87]
Times New Roman Small Text includes Regular, Italic, and Bold.[88]
Linotype variants
Times
This is the digitalisation of Linotype's Times (see above). It is pre-installed on macOS but not on iOS,[89] and is also widely available for purchase. Times provides standard ligature for "fi", but it does not provide any ligature for "Th".
Others
Like Monotype, Linotype released additional versions of Times for different text sizes. These include:
Times Ten is a version specially designed for smaller text (12-point and below). It features wider characters and stronger hairlines.[90][91] In 2004 prominent typeface designer Erik Spiekermann said that he believed that it was the best Times New Roman digitisation then available.[92]
Times Eighteen, a headline version for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer. The current version has no italics, but does have a lower case (whereas some Times titling fonts were capitals only).[93]
Times Europa Office, a 2006 adaptation of The Times's 1972 design Times Europa (see below). This is a complete family of designs intended for use on poor-quality paper. The updating, created by Akira Kobayashi, contains tabular numbers, mathematical signs, and currency symbols. Each character has the same advance width in all the fonts in the family so that changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap.[94]
Times
This is the digitalisation of Linotype's Times (see above). It is pre-installed on macOS but not on iOS,[89] and is also widely available for purchase. Times provides standard ligature for "fi", but it does not provide any ligature for "Th".
Others
Like Monotype, Linotype released additional versions of Times for different text sizes. These include:
Times Ten is a version specially designed for smaller text (12-point and below). It features wider characters and stronger hairlines.[90][91] In 2004 prominent typeface designer Erik Spiekermann said that he believed that it was the best Times New Roman digitisation then available.[92]
Times Eighteen, a headline version for point sizes of 18 and larger. The characters are subtly condensed and the hairlines are finer. The current version has no italics, but does have a lower case (whereas some Times titling fonts were capitals only).[93]
Times Europa Office, a 2006 adaptation of The Times's 1972 design Times Europa (see below). This is a complete family of designs intended for use on poor-quality paper. The updating, created by Akira Kobayashi, contains tabular numbers, mathematical signs, and currency symbols. Each character has the same advance width in all the fonts in the family so that changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap.[94]
Designed as an economical face by Dave Farey and Richard Dawson,
Times Modern was unveiled on 20 November 2006, as the successor of Times Classic.[100] Designed for improving legibility in smaller font sizes, it uses 45-degree angled bracket serifs. It was designed by Research Studios, led by designer Neville Brody with input from Ben Preston, deputy editor of The Times.[103][104] (Other designs have been released called Times Modern; see below.) During the Times New Roman period The Times also sometimes used Perpetua Titling.[6][105]
Reception to the claims was sceptical, with dismissal from Morison's biographer Nicolas Barker and Luc Devroye among others; Barker suggested that the material had been fabricated in order to aid Giampa in embarrassing Monotype's British branch, while Devroye and Thomas Phinney of FontLab suggested that the claim had begun as a prank.[110][111][112] In 2010, Mark Owens[113] described Parker's article in retrospect as "the scantest of evidence" and a "fog of irrelevant details"[114] and Simon Loxley that it "doesn't really have a leg to stand on".[115] Monotype executive Dan Rhatigan described the theory as implausible in 2011: "I'll admit that I tend to side with the more fully documented (both in general, and in agreement with what little I can find within Monotype to support it) notion that Times New Roman was based on Plantin...I won't rule out the possibility that Starling Burgess drew up the concept first, but Occam's razor makes me doubt it."[51]
The Times Online web site credits the design to "Stanley Morrison, Victor Lardent and perhaps Starling Burgess".[119]
CG Times is a variant of Times family made by Compugraphic.
Pelham is a version of Times Roman by DTP Types of Britain, which also designed an infant version with single-storey 'a' and 'g'.[124]
In the mid-1960s, a derivative of Times New Roman known as 'Press Roman' was used as a font for the IBM Composer. This was an ultra-premium electric 'golfball' typewriter system, intended to be used for producing high-quality office documents or copy to be photographically enlarged for small-scale printing projects.[125] Unlike most typewriters, the Composer produced proportional type, rather than monospaced letters. Ultimately the system proved a niche product, as it competed with increasingly cheap phototypesetting, and then in the 1980s was largely displaced by word processors and general-purpose computers.[126][127]
Among many digital-period designs loosely inspired by Times, Kris Sowersby's popular Tiempos family is a loose Times New Roman revival; it was created for a Spanish newspaper ('tiempo' is Spanish for 'time').[130][131]
Maxitype designed the Rhymes typeface, which also inspired from the Times New Roman typeface, comprises Display and Text.[132]
In 2018, art collective MSCHF released a typeface titled Times Newer Roman, which has the same design as Times New Roman but is 10–15% wider.[133]
and is included with some
free
and
open source
software. Various adapted versions exist including
Like Times New Roman, many additional styles of Nimbus Roman exist that are only sold commercially, including condensed and extra-bold styles. URW also developed Nimbus Roman No. 4, which is metrically compatible with the slightly different CG Times.
Linux Libertine was developed in 2003 and released under the GNU General Public License and the SIL Open Font License. In 2010, it was adopted for the redesign of the Wikipedia logo.
The Libertinus family of fonts was forked from Linux Libertine in 2012 and continues to be maintained and developed (2024).
The STIX Fonts project is a four-style set of open-source fonts. They were created for scientific publishing by the Scientific and Technical Information Exchange consortium of publishers, but are also very suitable for general use, including Greek and Cyrillic support.[145] The original version is installed by default on Mac OS X, and adapted as XITS. In 2016, a completely redesigned version was released by Ross Mills and John Hudson of Tiro Typeworks. Unlike the previous version, it is an original design, with a higher x-height than Monotype's Times digitisation.[146][147]
Liberation Serif by Steve Matteson is metrically equivalent to Times New Roman.[148] It was developed by Ascender Corp. and published by Red Hat in 2007 under the GPL with the font exception.[149] Widths aside, it does not particularly resemble Times New Roman, being much squarer in shape with less fine detail and blunt ends rather than ball terminals.[150][151] Google's Tinos in the Croscore fonts package is a derivative of Liberation Serif.[151]
Non-Latin fonts using Times New Roman's Latin-alphabet glyphs
Some fonts intended for typesetting multiple writing systems use Times New Roman as a model for Latin-alphabet glyphs:
Bitstream Cyberbit is a roman-only font released by Bitstream with an expanded character range intended to cover a large proportion of Unicode for scholarly use, with European alphabets based on Times New Roman.[152][153] Bitstream no longer offers the font, but it remains downloadable from the University of Frankfurt.[154]
Doulos SIL is a serif typeface developed by SIL International.[155]
The Russian Astra Linux operating system includes PT Astra Serif, a derivative of PT Serif metrically compatible with Times New Roman.[156][157]
Jomolhari is a Tibetan scriptUchen font created by Christopher J. Fynn, freely available under the Open Font License. It supports text encoded using the Unicode Standard and the Chinese national standard for encoding characters of the Tibetan script (GB/T20524-2006 "Tibetan Coded Character Set"). The design of the font is based on Bhutanese manuscript examples[158] and it is suitable for text in Tibetan, Dzongkha and other languages written in the Tibetan script.
Two typefaces in the National Fonts project (specifically Kinnari and Norasi) based their Latin character glyphs from Times New Roman. Typefaces in the National Fonts project were intended to be public alternatives to the widely used, yet licence-restricted, commercial typefaces that came bundled with major operating systems and applications.[159] Later on, Thai Linux Working Group (TLWG) released these 2 typefaces alongside 11 others as free and open-source software.[160][161]
48.Theodore William Chaundy, P. R. Barrett, Charles Batey. The Printing of Mathematics: Aids for Authors and Editors and Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford Oxford University Press, 1954^
49.S. L. Righyni. News Bills: A Retrospectus Alphabet & Image, 1946^
50.Intertype Times Roman Lettergieterij "Amsterdam"^
159.Originally exhibited 18–31 October 2002 at the Jamjuree Art Gallery, Chulalongkorn University, and published in Sarakadee. 17 (211). September 2002. ฟอนต์แห่งชาติ ๑๐ ตัวพิมพ์ กับ ๑๐ ยุคสังคมไทย (10 Faces of Thai Type and Thai Nation), Thaifaces, retrieved 22 May 2020^
160.Thai Linux Working Group. Fonts-TLWG retrieved 2024-06-24^
161.Thai Linux Working Group. tlwg/fonts-tlwg GitHub, retrieved 2024-06-24^
The thinnest strokes of the letter were made thicker and strokes were kept as far apart as possible to maximise legibility.
It proved extremely successful: Allen Hutt, Monotype's newspaper printing consultant in the late 1930s,[32] later noted that it "revolutionised newspaper text setting...within eighteen months it was adopted by 3,000 papers."
Although Times New Roman does not in any way resemble it, Walter Tracy, a prominent type designer who worked on a redesign of Times in the 1970s and wrote an analysis of its design in his book Letters of Credit (1986), commented that its arrival must at least have influenced the decision to consider a redesign.
The development of Times New Roman was relatively involved due to the lack of a specific pre-existing model – or perhaps a surfeit of possible choices. Morison wrote in a memo that he hoped for a design that would have relatively sharp serifs, matching the general design of the Times' previous font, but on a darker and more traditional basic structure. Bulked-up versions of Monotype's pre-existing but rather dainty Baskerville and Perpetua typefaces were considered for a basis, and the Legibility Group designs were also examined.(Perpetua, which Monotype had recently commissioned from sculptor Eric Gill at Morison's urging, is considered a 'transitional' design in aesthetic, although it does not revive any specific model.) Walter Tracy, who knew Lardent, suggested in the 1980s that "Morison did not begin with a clear vision of the ultimate type, but felt his way along."
Morison's biographer Nicolas Barker has written that Morison's memos of the time wavered over a variety of options before it was ultimately concluded that Plantin formed the best basis for a condensed font that could nonetheless be made to fill out the full size of the letter space as far as possible. (Morison ultimately conceded that Perpetua, which had been his pet project, was 'too basically circular' to be practical to condense in an attractive way.)
Walter Tracy and James Moran, who discussed the design's creation with Lardent in the 1960s, found that Lardent himself had little memory of exactly what material Morison gave him as a specimen to use to design the typeface, but he told Moran that he remembered working on the design from archive photographs of vintage type; he thought this was a book printed by Christophe Plantin, the sixteenth-century printer whose printing office the Plantin-Moretus Museum preserves and is named for.Moran and Tracy suggested that this actually might have been the same specimen of type from the Plantin-Moretus Museum that Plantin had been based on, and Barker notes that this is likely to be correct, as although Plantin is based on a Granjon type in the collection of the museum, that specific type was only acquired by Plantin's heirs after his death,[5] and Times and Plantin both copy an 'a' not added to the type until after Plantin's death.The sharpened serifs somewhat recall Perpetua, although Morison's stated reason for them was to provide continuity with the previous Didone design and the crispness associated with the Times' printing; he also cited as a reason that sharper serifs looked better after stereotyping or printed papers on a rotary press.Although Morison may not have literally drawn the design, his influence on its concept was sufficient that he felt he could call it "my one effort at designing a font" in a letter to Daniel Berkeley Updike, a prominent American printing historian with whom he corresponded frequently.Morison's several accounts of his reasoning in designing the concept of Times New Roman were somewhat contradictory and historians of printing have suggested that in practice they were mostly composed to rationalise his pre-existing aesthetic preferences: after Morison's death Allen Hutt went so far as to describe his unsigned 1936 article on the topic[3] as "rather odd...it can only be regarded as a piece of Morisonian mystification".
Lardent's original drawings are according to Rhatigan lost, but photographs exist of his drawings. Rhatigan comments that Lardent's originals show "the spirit of the final type, but not the details."[34][35] The design was adapted from Lardent's large drawings by the Monotype drawing office team in Salfords, Surrey, which worked out spacing and simplified some fine details.[36][37][38][39] Further changes were made after manufacturing began (the latter a difficult practice, since new punches and matrices had to be machined after each design change).
Morison continued to develop a close connection with the Times that would last throughout his life. Morison edited the History of the Times from 1935 to 1952, and in the post-war period, at a time when Monotype effectively stopped developing new typefaces due to pressures of austerity, took a post as editor of the Times Literary Supplement which he held from 1945 to 1948.[40] Times New Roman remained Morison's only type design; he designed a type to be issued by the Bauer Type Foundry of Frankfurt but the project was abandoned due to the war.Morison told his friend Ellic Howe that the test type sent to him just before the war was sent to the government to be "analysed in order that we should know whether the Hun is hard up for lead or antimony or tin."Brooke Crutchley, Printer to Cambridge University,[41] recorded in his diary a more informal discussion of the design's origins from a conversation in August 1948:"SM thought that Dreyfus might in time be able to design a mathematical font but he would first have to get out of his system a lot of personal ideas and searching for effects. He, Morison, had to do all this before he could design the Times font. Will Carter came in to consult M about a new type for the Radio Times, on which he had been invited to experiment. M said that the answer was really Times and that if he worked out the problem from the bottom that was the sort of answer he would get...Will has been experimenting with Plantin, but it doesn't come out well when printed from plates on rotaries, perhaps a face based on Plantin would do the trick. M said that was just how he got to Times."
