SS Columbus (1922)

SS Columbus was a German ocean liner laid down and launched as Hindenburg before the start of World War I.

The vessel was originally to be named Hindenburg. However, her then-sister, originally named Columbus, was handed over to British government and then sold to the White Star Line after the war as part of reparations in 1920 and renamed RMS Homeric (1913) by her new owners.

The Allies allowed the Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL), her owners, to keep the remaining ship. NDL decided to give her the name of her departed sister, now the British SS Homeric (1922). Construction, which had been held up by the war, resumed at Schichau Shipyards in Danzig, Germany.

Construction and maiden voyage

Material shortages caused by the war delayed her completion until 1922. She made her maiden voyage in April 1924. At the time, she was the German merchant marine's largest, fastest ocean liner. She measured, was 750 ft long with 1,750 cabins for luxury, first, second and tourist class passengers. The maximum speed was 18 kn, propulsion was supplied by triple-expansion steam engines.

Later career

With the building of the liners SS Bremen (1928) and SS Europa (1930), Columbus was supplanted as the flagship of the NDL fleet. In 1929, the liner was given a refit to modernise the vessel and was remodelled in the style of her younger, larger and faster running mates. This included the addition of two larger, much shorter smokestacks and replacement of the reciprocating engines with geared steam turbines.

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Columbus was ordered to immediately return to Germany. The Royal Navy was on the lookout for enemy ships. Putting her passengers ashore at Havana, Cuba, the ship travelled to Veracruz, evading the British. In early November, they received orders to attempt a blockade run to Germany. On 14 December, Columbus departed Veracruz, escorted by seven American destroyers through the American coastal neutrality zone. On 19 December, the British destroyer HMS Hyperion (H97) sighted Columbus about 400 mi off the coast of Virginia. The still neutral American heavy cruiser USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37) was also in the area and discretely observed the two ships.

Rather than surrender the ship, the crew scuttled. Her passengers and crew, 576 crewmembers, including boys, stevedores and nurses, were taken aboard Tuscaloosa as rescued seamen, not as prisoners of war as they would have been had the British picked them up. Tuscaloosa took all personnel to New York City.[2][3] On 18 January 1940, 512 crewmen were moved to Angel Island. In October, eight officers were able to escape on the Asama Maru.[4] In 1941, 411 German nationals from the Columbus were sent to Fort Stanton, New Mexico. At the end of war many returned to Germany.

On 11 December 1941, in a speech before the German Reichstag announcing his decision to declare war on the United States, Adolf Hitler described the presence of Tuscaloosa at the scuttling of the Columbus as a hostile act against the German nation, insisting that the American cruiser had forced the liner "into the hands of British warships". As such, Hitler listed the loss of the Columbus among the casus belli for his declaration of war.[5]

country	Germany
namesake	Christopher Columbus
owner	Norddeutscher Lloyd
operator	Germany
registry	Bremen, Germany
route	Bremerhaven–New York
ordered	1914
builder	Schichau, Danzig, Germany
yard number	929
launched	12 August 1922
completed	June 1924
maiden voyage	Mid-1924
in service	1924
out of service	1939
renamed	1914; Hindenburg to Columbus; 1920
refit	1929
homeport	Bremen
motto	"Columbus' ship"
nickname	"Germany's Merchant Ship"
fate	Scuttled by crew to avoid capture by Royal Navy, 19 December 1939.
notes	Located at latitude 38 degrees, 2 minutes N, longitude 65 degrees, 33 minutes W

Construction and maiden voyage

Later career

See also

External links

References