Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation

Chickasaw Shipbuilding and Car Company

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, a division of U.S. Steel in Birmingham, Alabama, recognized the opportunities which the Chickasaw area provided for shipbuilding with its location and deep waterway.[1] On August 17, 1917, the company announced that a shipyard would be constructed in Chickasaw.[2] Steel would be provided from the Fairfield, Alabama site of Tennessee Coal and Iron.[2] A large area of land, including the location of the future city of Chickasaw, was purchased. In order to develop the shipbuilding business and the supporting infrastructure, three companies—Chickasaw Shipbuilding and Car Company, Chickasaw Utilities Company, and Chickasaw Land Company—were formed.[1] Federal Shipbuilding developed the shipyard with twenty million dollars from the United States Navy.

Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation

In July 1940, the town and shipyard were sold to Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Corporation.[1] Both the shipyard and town were renovated by the new owner. The corporation began to receive its first contracts from the Maritime Commission for cargo ships. Later followed the U.S. Navy contracts to build the new Fletcher Class Destroyers. Due to the scale of the operation, a large number of workers migrated to Chickasaw. With production activity at its peak, Gulf Shipbuilding employed between 10,000 and 15,000 workers.[4][5] This population boom required the introduction of eligibility requirements for living in company-owned properties. Only persons with connection to the shipyard could rent houses from the company while many previous occupants were forced to vacate.[1] To further accommodate the demand for housing, the federal government

Grace Marsh incident

Except for the fact that Gulf Shipbuilding owned the property, nothing distinguished Chickasaw from other towns and suburbs in the vicinity of Mobile. Since the area was freely accessible with no discernible boundaries separating private and public lands, the shopping areas of Chickasaw became popular to both residents and non-residents of the town.[12]

Grace Marsh, a Jehovah's Witness, and her colleagues began to visit Chickasaw in November 1943. In addition to door-to-door visits, the religious workers would distribute literature (The Watchtower and Consolation) along sidewalks in the business district. Beginning in December 1943, the Witnesses were arrested on multiple occasions and ultimately charged with trespassing.[12]

In January 1944, the Inferior Court of Mobile County found Marsh and the other Witnesses guilty of trespassing. An appeal was filed with the circuit court, the Alabama Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, which refused to consider the constitutional considerations raised by Marsh and allowed the ruling of the lower court to stand. Upon further appeal, the Court of Appeals of Alabama granted certiorari hearing the case in November 1944. The decision in January 1945 confirmed the decision of the lower courts. An application for a rehearing in the Court of Appeals and a subsequent petition

Incorporation of Chickasaw

Early in 1946, Leedy Investment Company purchased the entire company town for one million dollars.[1] Current occupants were given the option to purchase the homes they had been renting. Many prior residents also purchased homes and moved back to the town. The city of Chickasaw was incorporated on November 12, 1946.[1] In 1979, Halter Marine reactivated the shipbuilding facility to provide service vessels and tugboats to the booming offshore industry.[13] The resurgence was short-lived and the facility was closed again in 1983. The former shipyard now serves as a small general cargo facility.[13]