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The Energy Group
The origins of The Energy Group date back to 1990 when Hanson plc acquired Peabody Energy, a US coal business.
In 1995, Hanson plc bought Eastern Group for £2.5 billion.[17][18] Hanson purchased the remaining shares Eastern did not own in the jointly owned electrical retailer Powerhouse, but sold the business on as a going concern.[19] In 1996, the Energy Group purchased 6000 megawatts of power stations from National Power and Powergen, with the 4000 megawatts from National Power costing $2.5 billion, as part of its bid by the two generating companies to stave off the regulator.[20][21][22][23] Its subsidiary, Eastern Natural Gas,[24] was reported to be making a loss close to £40 million after a big push to grab market share after deregulation.[25] Hanson ownership lasted until 1997, when The Energy Group was demerged from Hanson plc and floated on the London Stock Exchange.[26] The business expanded into telecoms linking up with Esprit Telecom.[27]
In 1997, PacifiCorp, a US energy firm launched a $9.6 billion bid for The Energy Group,[28] which was referred to the Monopolies & Merger Commission.[29] The bid expired before the Monopolies & Merger Commission completed their investigation, and PacifiCorp were joined by Texas Utilities and Nomura Holdings in a takeover battle.[30] Nomura pulled out of the bidding,[31] and due to the hostile nature of the bids, both PacifiCorp and Texas Utilities were told to put in sealed bids. Before the deadline, PacifiCorp withdrew their bid,[32] so Texas Utilities won with a bid of $10 billion.[33][34]
TXU Europe
Following the acquisition, Texas Utilities was renamed TXU Corporation, with the Energy Group renamed TXU Europe. Some of the purchase debt was indebted back onto the UK businesses.[36] The group purchased gas fields in the southern North Sea in 1998.[37] The Telecom business announced that it had developed its own equipment to use the company's powerlines for telecommunications in July 1998, with a further 550 km of lines being purchased that October.[27] The business announced in 1999, that the company's turnover in 1998 had grown by 13% to £3.74 billion and profit had risen to £212.6M, a 59% increase.[38] The Telecom business was sold to NTL in January 1999, and purchased further stakes in North Sea gas fields.[27] The retail business was renamed from Eastern Electricity, and its subsidiary Eastern Natural Gas,[39] to Eastern Energy in 1999, with a restructure which saw its retail operations focused on Ipswich, Bedford and Rayleigh.[40] The company purchased BG Group plc's UK Combined Heat & Power plants, and purchased 5% of Hidroelectrica, a Spanish electricity company in 1999,[41] which it grew to just under 20% in 2000.[42] The company announced it was selling its metering business in October 1999.[27] In 2000 TXU Europe purchased the retail business of NORWEB from United Utilities.[43][44] The combined retail business was renamed TXU Energi in August 2001.[45][46] In a separate deal with United Utilities, TXU signed a seven-year deal with its customer service provider Vertex, to manage its domestic retail customers.[47] In July 2000, TXU Europe purchased 51% share of German energy business, Stadtwerke Kiel, for $215 million from State Capital Kiel Parliament.[48] A formal cash bid was made to purchase the remaining shares in Hidroelectrica but this was later withdrawn.[49][50]
The company's distribution rights were originally merged with EDF Energy, owners of London Electricity and South Eastern Electricity Board, two other former regional electricity companies to become 24seven Utility Services in 2000,[51] before being sold to EDF permanently for £560m plus £740m of debt in 2001.[52][53] The Eastern and London distribution networks were later sold on to UK Power Networks. In a separate deal in November 2001 TXU Europe sold West Burton power stations to London Electricity Group for £366 million.[54] The company's shares in Hidroelectrica were sold in 2001.[55]
TXU Energi was announced in 2001 as the new sponsor of Ipswich Town F.C.[56] In July 2001, TXU sold Rugeley power stations to International Power for £200 million.[57] This was followed by the sale of Peterborough and King's Lynn Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) power stations to Centrica in August.[58] The company's agreed a partnership with Farm Energy, ABB, Powergen, and Royal Dutch Shell to develop the London Array wind farm.[59]
In March 2002, TXU bought the UK retail business of Amerada Hess with plans to integrate into TXU Energi.[60][61] In April 2002, it was announced that the Russell House office in Ipswich would be demolished and be rebuilt as the company's new headquarters, replacing Wherstead Park, along with other Ipswich sites.[62] In May 2002 TXU Europe won the bidding battle for Braunschweiger Versorgungs AG (BS Energy), a German energy provider from the city of Braunschweig, buying 74.9% for €420 million.[63] TXU Energi was announced as the new sponsor of the Rugby League Challenge Cup in Summer 2002.[64]
In October 2002, TXU announced it was pulling out of Europe to protect the US business,[65][45] after the European business was affected by a drop in wholesale prices and its credit rating dropping, caused by a large debt created at the purchase by TXU in 1998.[66][67] Powergen purchased TXU's UK retail businesses for £1.37bn ($2.9bn) later that year, after a takeover battle with SSE plc.[68][69] Powergen was formally taken over by E.ON in January 2002.[70]
The collapse of the business lead to former shareholders losing £19m, as during the takeover by Texas Utilities they had taken loan notes instead of cash for their shares, which were not secured.[71]
