Doctor Mid-Nite (or Doctor Midnight) is the name of several superheroes published in American comic books by DC Comics.[1] With the original version debuting in All-American Comics #25 (April 1941) and created by writer Charles Reizenstein and artist Stanley Josephs Aschmeier, all versions of the character are commonly portrayed as re-occurring members of the Justice Society of America, blind legacy heroes with night vision powers, and serves as premier physicians to various affiliated teams and superheroes in the DC Universe.[2]
The first and original version is Charles McNider, an American surgeon who was blinded following an explosion while performing surgery on an important witness targeted by a mobster.Although blinded, he eventually discovers he can see in complete darkness and constructs modified goggles to help regain some of his sight, devised special "black out bombs" able to blind his enemies while seeing in total darkness, and becomes a costume superhero as an important member of the Justice Society of America
In modern stories, the character in his later years retires and mentors physicians who would eventually succeed him but is eventually killed by the super-villain, Extant.[4][5]
The second version of the character is Beth Chapel, a African-American physician who is McNider's first protege and is similarly blinded in an explosion while operating on a patient but can also see in darkness. Uncovering her mentor's identity as Doctor Mid-Nite, she also adopts the codename and serves as both a physician and leading scientific expert in Infinity, Inc. and the Justice Society of America. Undergoing a comic book death, the character was resurrected in 2023 and continues to serve as a member of the Justice Society.[6][4]
After Chapel's first death and prior to her resurrection, the third version of the character is Pieter Cross, a Norwegian medical prodigy delivered by McNider as a baby after saving his mother's life from an attack.He graduates from Harvard Medical School at nineteen and is mentored by McNider.Blinded in an accident set by drug dealers for investigating a drug called A39, a variation of Venom first developed by Bane, he also miraculously possessed the power to see in darkness and became a superhero to both bring justice to the dealers and to aid both Justice Society and heroes alike, having opened up his own clinic for superheroes and acted as a mentor for the third Blue Beetle.[4] In recent publications, Chapel and Cross serve in the role concurrently.[4]
Doctor Mid-Nite has made several appearances in media adaptations, most notably the Charles McNider version making his live action debut in the second season of Legends of Tomorrow played by Kwesi Ameyaw.McNider also appears in Stargirl, portrayed by Henry Thomas in season one and Alex Collins in season two.Beth Chapel also appears in the series, portrayed by Anjelika Washington.
Publication history
The original version of the character debuted in All-American Comics #25 (April 1941), created by Charles Reizenstein and Stanley Aschmeier.[7]
Characterization
While each Doctor Mid-Nite have different backgrounds, all possess an uncanny common history in being physicians blinded in accidents but possess metahuman powers to see in total darkness, serving as premier medical physicians and scientific specialists.[2][4]
Fictional character biographies
Charles McNider
Charles McNider is a surgeon who is enlisted to remove a bullet from a witness set to testify against mobsters. Mobster Killer Maroni throws a grenade into the room, killing the witness and blinding McNider.[8] McNider later discovers that he can only see in darkness and develops a special visor to let him see in the light.He then becomes the superhero Doctor Mid-Nite and adopts an owl whom he names Hooty.[9]
McNider later joins the Justice Society of America (JSA) and the All-Star Squadron.In 1942, McNider enlists in the U.S. Medical Corps as a physician during World War II,[10] rising to the rank of captain.McNider briefly assumes the role of Starman when the original Starman, Ted Knight, has a nervous breakdown and the JSA disbands.[11] According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, "his opponents include the minstrel the Baleful Banshee, the hypnosis-wielding Doctor Light, the angling-themed Fisherman, and the gang lord Tarantula".[12]
In 1953, McNider's lover Myra Mason is murdered by the Shadower, a foe who had learned Doctor Mid-Nite's secret identity.[8] McNider later rescues a pregnant woman from attack in Sogndal, Norway and delivers her baby, Pieter Cross, who becomes the third Doctor Mid-Nite as an adult.McNider is among the JSA members who are captured and placed in suspended animation by Vandal Savage before being freed by the Flash.
McNider is killed by Extant during the Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event.[13][14] He has remained dead since, appearing as a spirit and in flashbacks.[15][16] McNider was temporarily resurrected as a Black Lantern in the Blackest Night event.[17]
Beth Chapel
As the aging Charles McNider spent less time in action, Beth Chapel, a medical doctor, stepped into the role of Doctor Midnight.Chapel was a native of Orangeburg, South Carolina, with a pastor father, a mother who sang in the church choir, and four brothers.[18] During the events of Crisis on Infinite Earths, Chapel is blinded by an oxygen explosion, but is rescued by Hourman's son Rick Tyler.McNider performs emergency surgery on Chapel, and while he is unable to restore her day vision, he gives her his ability to see in the dark.[19] Chapel and Rick assume the mantles of their predecessors as Doctor Midnight and Hourman, with her mother crafting a super hero costume from a choir robe.Along with a new Wildcat, Chapel and Tyler apply for membership in Infinity, Inc, eventually gaining admission; however, the association was short-lived, as Infinity, Inc. disbanded shortly thereafter, though Chapel and Tyler began a romantic relationship during their tenure.
Doctor Midnight and Wildcat are subsequently recruited by the U.S. government for a mission to defeat the supervillainEclipso, only for Chapel to die on the mission along with Wildcat, Creeper
Pieter Cross
A Norwegian-born physician, Pieter Anton Cross is a medical prodigy with great respect for the original Doctor Mid-Nite, who saved his mother and delivered him as an infant.[8] Differing from his predecessors, the character's connections and wealth helps provides healthcare to those outside typical medical circles and those whom unorthodox medicine has failed, has his own medical team to assist him, and runs the All-Star Clinic.[22] Cross is also a devout Christian.During his appearance from the 1999 JSA series until at least 2008, the character was remarked to be in his thirties at the timeframe.[7] As an adult, Pieter is unable to save his mother from Chagas disease, which she catches in Brazil while visiting him.
Cross's crime-fighting career begins as he runs a free clinic in Portsmouth, Washington. His work leads him to investigate a new street drug called A39, an accidental derivative of the steroid-like Venom. The drug, he soon learns, is produced by an evil corporation named Praeda Industries, run by the Terrible Trio. Cross is drugged by company enforcers and soon involved in a car accident. After the accident, he finds that he can only see in pitch darkness. Stripped of his license to officially practice medicine, Cross takes the name Doctor Mid-Nite and resolves to fight crime.[8]
Powers and abilities
Each version possessed similar powers, having superhuman night vision, knowledge in medicine, and having keen scientific minds.[2][3][4] All versions of the character also share gadgetry such as blackout bombs, in which can be used to blind enemies in darkness and allow them to see.[7][2][29] Their costumes often includes specialized googles with "ultrasonic" lenses, allowing them to see during the day.[2][29]
Charles McNider's powers and abilities
While usually blind, he possess superhuman night vision in which allows him to see in darkness.[4] An expert surgeon and physician, McNider is also skilled author and is a superb athlete who kept himself in peak condition even into his sixties.[3][7] His gadgetry includes specialized goggles in which allows him to see and blackout bombs, which blinds enemies in darkness and allows him to see.[3] McNider also trained an owl to allow access to otherwise inaccessible places.[2]
Beth Chapel's powers and abilities
While blind due to an acute sensitivity to light in her eyes, she possesses superhuman night vision in which allows him to see in darkness.
Supporting casts
In the Doctor Mid-Nite limited series starring Pieter Cross, the character is assisted by a team; Nite-Lite and Ice Sickle acts as medical assistants and nurse role to Doctor Mid-Nite, helping him later run the All-Star Clinic in Portsmouth City. He is also assisted by Calmilla Marlowe.[31][32]
Enemies
Each incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite has fought different enemies:
"Gallows" Gallagher - A gangster who had his brother take his place in prison with help from a corrupt prison warden.[33]
"Hands" Hannigan - A gangster who wanted to take advantage of Regis Morgan's telescopic vision and make him a lookout for his gang.[34]
"Killer" Maroni - A gangster who was responsible for the grenade that blinded Charles McNider and became Doctor Mid-Nite's first opponent.[35]
Big Mouth - The leader of a gang who worked with Jasper to set up hallucinations to frighten Jasper's aunt Martha Yates and his uncle Ambrose Yates.[37]
Doctor Light - A villain who uses light technology.[38]
Dr. Gamwell - A man who used a home for the blind as a front for his criminal activities.[39]
Fisherman - Kurt Hartmann is a fisherman-themed criminal.[40]
Madame Zara - A criminal who operated as a psychic.[45]
Malcolm Mumm - An inventor who invented a sound-nullifying device and operated as the self-proclaimed Master of Silence. He used his invention to cover up the sounds related to his bank vault robberies.[46]
Slim - A mobster that planned to sabotage the games of the Yellow Jackets football team.[48]
Tarantula - A crime lord whose minion Logger suspected that Charles McNider and Doctor Mid-Nite are the same people.[49]
Terrible Trio - The members in the aliases of Fisk, Shackley, and Volper run Praeda Industries.[50]
Other versions
Nite-Lite is one of Pieter Cross's African-American assistants and nurse whom became indebted to him after saving his life from a deal gone bad. Possessing a level of extensive medical knowledge and combat abilities in which is exemplified by his use of brass knuckles, he often assists Doctor Mid-Nite both as a superhero and in maintaining his clinic whenever he is away.[31][32] His backgrounds hints at a rough and abusive lifestyle in his youth.[32]
Another assistant, nicknamed Ice Sickle (and Mid-Nite Junior), is a college student who dropped out to hunt for his older brother's drug dealer, who is responsible for his overdose. Promising to help him find the dealer, he briefly takes him in as a protege to teach him skills necessary to be a surgeon while helping him run All-Star Clinic when Mid-Nite is away. Like Nite-Lite, he is also African-American but possess surgical skills. He is unceremoniously killed by Spirit King sometime after Cross joins the Justice Society.[31][32]
Alternate universes
In 1965, DC Comics had no plans to revive Doctor Mid-Nite. DC editor Julius Schwartz gave M.I.T. student and comic book letterhack Rick Norwood permission to publish a Dr. Midnite story in his fanzine, Five. The story written by Norwood and illustrated by Steve Sabo features a doctor named Tom Benson who is blinded in battle. He discovers that his other senses are super-sensitive and dons the Doctor Midnite costume to fight crime.[51]
Another version of the character was shown in Dan Jolley and Tony Harris' JSA: The Liberty File as a World War II United States intelligence agent code-named the Owl. This character, though a playboy, resembles other Doctor Mid-Nite representations. Though derided for his dalliances with the ladies, McNider was trusted as a valued field operative.
Batman: Holy Terror depicts an America ruled by a religious theocracy as a result of Oliver Cromwell living for a decade longer than he did in reality. McNider was a member of the underground resistance against the government years ago, working alongside Thomas Wayne, but they were discovered, with Thomas and his wife being killed while McNider was blinded and his own wife executed. McNider offers some advice to Thomas's son Bruce when he discovers the truth about his parents' deaths, leading Bruce on the path to begin his own resistance against the government.
Collected editions
In other media
Television
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite appears in a painting depicted in the Smallville two-part episode "Absolute Justice".
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite makes non-speaking appearances in Justice League Unlimited as a member of the Justice League.
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Corey Burton.
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite appears in the Mad segment "That's What Super Friends Are For", voiced by Kevin Shinick.
Pieter Cross appears in Young Justice, voiced by Bruce Greenwood.
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite appears in the second season of the Arrowverse series Legends of Tomorrow,[53] portrayed by Kwesi Ameyaw.[54]
The Charles McNider and Beth Chapel incarnations of Doctor Mid-Nite appear in Stargirl, portrayed by Henry Thomas (season one) and Alex Collins (season two) and Anjelika Washington respectively.[55] The latter takes up the mantle after the former is seemingly killed in battle against the Injustice Society.
Ahead of the series' premiere, Chapel made a cameo appearance in the Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths".
Film
Charles McNider / Doctor Mid-Nite makes a cameo appearance in the opening credits of Justice League: The New Frontier as a member of the Justice Society of America.
Beth Chapel / Doctor Mid-Nite appears in Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths, voiced by Cynthia McWilliams.[56]
Merchandise
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite and Hooty received an action figure in wave twelve of the DC Universe Classics line.
The Charles McNider incarnation of Doctor Mid-Nite and Hooty received an action figure from DC Direct in 2001.[57]
1.Alan Cowsill, Alex Irvine, Steve Korte, Matt Manning, Win Wiacek, Sven Wilson. The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide pto the Characters of the DC Universe DK Publishing, 2016^
In Doomsday Clock, Beth Chapel is revived alongside the Justice Society when Doctor Manhattan undoes his prior erasure of the Society and the Legion of Super-Heroes from the timeline.Chapel goes on to open a metahuman medical clinic called the All-Star Clinic.[21]
Cross is usually portrayed as being a physician first and vigilante second, setting up a clinic to help him treat patients who cannot afford conventional health care. Scanners in his cowl-lenses identify health risks as well as threats. He is a vegetarian and practices yoga (JSA). Cross carries high-tech medical equipment in addition to weapons (including blackout bombs). Some individuals whom Cross assists eventually come to aid him in his work as both crime fighter and community surgeon. Allies gained in this way include reformed street kids Nite Lite and Ice Sickle, and writer Camilla Marlowe. Mid-Nite also serves as a mentor to Jaime Reyes, the third Blue Beetle.[24]
When the Justice Society encounters Gog, last survivor of the Third World, the benevolent being restores Cross's vision.[25] Although initially a blessing, this works to Cross's disadvantage in the field, as he has lost his infrared vision and can no longer able see through his own dark bombs.[26] Eventually, the full JSA mount an all-out assault on Gog, having learned from Sandman that Gog is rooting himself into the Earth. The other Society members following Gog attempt to protect him, until they see him attempt to attack a Society member. All of the followers take up the fight, and Gog punishes them by taking away his blessings, including Cross's sight.[27]
In "The New Golden Age", Pieter Cross still operates as Doctor Mid-Nite and is currently living in Natal, Brazil.Jay Garrick brings his daughter Judy Garrick to visit him and enlists his help in finding Doctor Elemental.[28]
In addition to blackout bombs, although her costume usually consists of specialized goggles to see during the day, Chapel's muted color scheme allows her to better blend into the shadows and her googles allows her to see other wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, including
Although usually blind, he possess superhuman night vision in which allows him to see in darkness.[4] A scientific prodigy and inventor, Cross is an expert in a numerous scientific fields, including: medicine, physics, robotics, chemistry, and infrared astronomy.As a surgeon, he specialized in limb grafting.Additionally, he is an expert hand-to-hand combatant and has both wealth and a network of contacts to provide healthcare to patients with conditions beyond orthodox medicine.[4][7][22] Cross has also trained an owl to allow them to travel to inaccessible places.[2] In addition to his costume, Cross also has an improved variant of blackout bombs.[7] He also owns his own home, lab, and clinic (All-Star Clinic) that assists with his vigilante and physician work.
In the Tangent: Superman's Reign series, a version of Doctor Mid-Nite is briefly seen.
In the new Earth-2 created in the wake of Infinite Crisis and 52, a version of Beth Chapel is shown to be a member of the Justice Society Infinity.[52]
