Development
The U.S. Marine Corps became interested in replacing the LVTP-5 due to its limited range, slow water speed and the difficulty of maintaining the aging platform. In 1964, the Marine Corps solicited proposals to replace meet its requirement. The Marine Corps selected a proposal by FMC. FMC delivered the first of 15 prototypes, designated LVTPX12, in October 1967. Marine Corps testing concluded in September 1969. In June 1970, the Marine Corps awarded FMC a $78.5 million contract for the production of 942 vehicles.[7][8]
The first production models were delivered in August 1971 and the first units became operational in March 1972.[8] In 1977, FMC was contracted to convert 14 LVTP-7 vehicles to prototype LVTP-7A1 configuration. This became the AAV7A1, and from 1982 to 1984 all LVTP-7s were converted to AAV7A1 standard. Improvements were made to the engine, transmission and the overall maintainability of the vehicle. The Cummins VT400 diesel engine replaced the GM 8V53T.[9]
Enhanced Applique Armor Kits (EAAK) were produced for the AAV-7A1 beginning in 1991 and ending in 1993, providing protection against penetration from small arms fire up to 14.5 mm caliber as well as 155 mm artillery fragments.[9]
In 1997 BAE Systems was awarded a contract encompassing all AAV systems and components to return the AAV to the original vehicle's performance specifications and ensure acceptable readiness. Assault Amphibious Vehicle Reliability, Availability, Maintainability/Rebuild to Standard (AAV RAM/RS) program replaced both the AAV engine and suspension with US Army M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) components modified for the AAV.[9]
Another improvement was added starting in 1987 in the form of a Cadillac Gage weapon station or Up-Gunned Weapon Station (UGWS).[9]
In March 2015, SAIC was awarded a contract to perform an AAV Survivability Upgrade (SU).[10] Marine Corps and SAIC officials unveiled the AAV SU prototype in January 2016, with survivability enhancements including replacing the angled EAAK with 49 advanced buoyant ceramic armor panels, a bonded spall liner, armor-protected external fuel tanks, an aluminum armor underbelly providing Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)-equivalent blast protection, and blast mitigating seats as well as a more powerful engine, new suspension system, and increased reserve buoyancy.[11][12][13] The AAV SU program was intended to upgrade 392 vehicles to keep them operational through 2035 as the ACV gradually entered service. In August 2017, the Marine Corps awarded SAIC a low-rate initial production for 21 vehicle upgrades. However, in August 2018 the Marine Corps terminated the AAV upgrade program, citing other budgetary priorities.[14][15]
In 2021, the United States Marine Corps started to install the M153 Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station (CROWS) on their AAVP-7A1s.[16] The M153 CROWS is a stabilized mount that contains a sensor suite and fire control software. It allows on-the-move target acquisition and first-burst target engagement. Capable of target engagement under day and night conditions, the CROWS sensor suite includes a daytime video camera, thermal camera and laser rangefinder. It can be fitted with the Mk-19 grenade launcher, M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun, or M240B Medium Machine Gun.[17]
Service history
Twenty U.S.-built LVTP-7s were used by Argentina during the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands[18] with most returning to the Argentine mainland before the war ended.
From 1982 to 1984, LVTP-7s were deployed with U.S. Marines as part of the multi-national peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon. As Marines became increasingly involved in hostilities, several vehicles sustained minor damage from shrapnel and small arms fire.
On October 25, 1983 U.S. Marine LVTP-7s conducted a highly successful amphibious landing on the island of Grenada as part of Operation Urgent Fury.
It was heavily used in the 1991 Gulf War and Operation Restore Hope.
After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, AAV-7A1s were criticized for providing poor protection for the crew and passengers compared with other vehicles, such as the M2 Bradley. Eight were disabled or destroyed during the Battle of Nasiriyah, where they faced RPG, mortar, tank and artillery fire. At least one vehicle was hit by fire from friendly A-10 Warthog aircraft.[19][20]
